Classical novae

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 12
Preface to the first edition......Page 14
Preface to the second edition......Page 16
List of symbols......Page 17
1.2 Definition of novae and related stars......Page 25
1.3 Theories of novae until the mid twentieth century......Page 27
1.4 Pre-telescopic discoveries, observations and catalogues......Page 28
1.6.1 Classification of nova light curves......Page 31
1.6.2 Dividing nova light curves: the speed classes......Page 32
1.6.3 Spectroscopic classification of novae......Page 33
1.7 Novae and related stars......Page 34
1.7.2 Novae and other cataclysmic stars: evolutionary connections......Page 35
Acknowledgements......Page 36
References......Page 37
2.2 Frequency and Galactic distribution of novae......Page 40
2.3.2 Early decline and transition......Page 42
2.4 Relationships among amplitude, rate of decline, absolute magnitude and expansion velocity......Page 43
2.5.3 Diffuse enhanced spectrum......Page 47
2.5.6 The post-nova spectrum......Page 48
2.6 Novae as close binaries......Page 49
2.7 Recurrent novae......Page 50
2.8 Novae in quiescence and before eruption......Page 51
2.9 Magnetic novae......Page 54
Acknowledgements......Page 55
References......Page 56
3.1 Introduction......Page 58
3.2 Origin and evolution: overview......Page 60
3.3.1 Mass transfer driven by a magnetic stellar wind......Page 62
3.3.2 Inflation of low mass stellar models in response to mass-loss and the origin of the period gap......Page 63
3.3.3 Angular momentum loss due to gravitational wave radiation......Page 65
3.3.4 Mass transfer driven by gravitational wave radiation......Page 66
3.3.5 Mass transfer due to nuclear evolution in Algol-like CVs......Page 68
3.3.6 Mass transfer in symbiotic stars due to accretion from a wind......Page 70
3.4.1 CV number density versus mean accretion rate......Page 71
3.4.2 Nova rate versus mean accretion rate......Page 72
3.4.3 Predicted observational CV distribution functions......Page 73
3.4.5 Helium star CVs......Page 75
3.5 Hydrogen-burning outbursts and critical helium-layer masses......Page 76
3.5.1 Critical helium-layer masses without mass-loss and diffusion......Page 77
3.5.2 Effect of mixing by particle diffusion and convection......Page 79
3.6.1 The cyclical model......Page 83
3.6.2 Application to 1M white dwarf models......Page 85
3.6.3 Comparison with observations......Page 86
3.7 Mixing due to rotation-induced instabilities......Page 87
3.7.1 Assumptions and method......Page 88
3.7.2 Models of nova explosions......Page 89
3.8.1 Plateau mass–luminosity relationships......Page 90
3.8.2 Lifetimes during red and blue phases of hydrogen burning......Page 91
3.8.3 Wind mass-loss versus nuclear processing......Page 93
3.8.4 Wind accretion and steady state burning......Page 95
3.9 Remarks on CVs and symbiotic stars as Type Ia supernova precursors......Page 96
References......Page 98
4.1 Introduction......Page 101
4.2 The thermonuclear runaway......Page 102
4.3 Initial conditions for the outburst......Page 104
4.4 The effects of the nuclear reactions and reaction rates on the outburst......Page 107
4.5 Multi-dimensional studies of the thermonuclear runaway......Page 116
4.6 Nucleosynthesis in CO and ONe novae......Page 118
4.7 Mass of the ejecta......Page 119
4.8 Relationship of classical novae to supernovae of Type Ia......Page 120
Acknowledgements......Page 122
References......Page 123
5.1 Introduction......Page 126
General......Page 127
5.2.3 Model computation......Page 128
5.3.1 The structure of nova atmospheres......Page 129
5.3.2 The effects of the line blanketing......Page 130
5.3.4 The effects of the form of the velocity field......Page 133
5.3.5 The effects of the luminosity on the spectrum......Page 135
5.3.6 The radiation pressure......Page 136
5.4.1 The ONe nova V1974 Cyg......Page 137
5.4.2 CO novae in the LMC......Page 139
5.5 Summary and conclusions......Page 141
Acknowledgements......Page 143
References......Page 144
6.2.1 Masses and structures......Page 145
6.2.2 Techniques......Page 147
6.2.3 Abundances......Page 148
6.3.1 Formation mechanisms: nucleation and kinetic processes......Page 151
6.3.2 Pre-solar grains: where do we stand?......Page 152
6.4 Multi-dimensional modeling of a nova outburst: progress and prospects......Page 155
6.5.1 The puzzling synthesis of 7Li......Page 158
6.5.2 Nuclear inputs and uncertainties......Page 159
Acknowledgements......Page 161
References......Page 162
7.2 Nature and measurement of radio emission from novae......Page 165
7.3.1 Uniform-slab model......Page 166
7.3.2 Spherically symmetric shell with a density gradient......Page 169
7.4.1 Hubble flow model......Page 171
7.4.2 Variable wind model......Page 172
7.4.3 Unified model......Page 173
7.5.1 FH Ser and HR Del......Page 174
7.5.2 V1500 Cyg......Page 176
7.5.3 V1974 Cyg......Page 179
7.5.4 The significance of the inferred velocity gradients......Page 182
7.6.4 V723 Cas......Page 183
7.7.1 Distances using radio data......Page 184
7.7.3 Benefits and caveats regarding the radio analyses......Page 185
7.8.2 Recurrent novae......Page 186
7.9 Concluding remarks......Page 187
Acknowledgements......Page 188
References......Page 189
8.2 Nova explosions in the context of Galactic chemical evolution......Page 191
8.3 The infrared temporal development of novae......Page 192
8.4 Determination of physical parameters......Page 195
8.4.1 Coronal line emission in ONe novae......Page 201
8.4.2 Grain formation in CO novae......Page 203
8.5 Abundances in nova ejecta......Page 207
8.6 Nova grain properties......Page 209
8.7 Spitzer Space Telescope observations of classical novae......Page 212
Acknowledgements......Page 214
References......Page 215
9.1 Introduction......Page 218
9.2 The ultraviolet–optical connection and the production of the visible spectrum......Page 219
9.2.1 Radiative processes and spectrum formation......Page 220
9.2.2 Nova spectroscopic taxonomy......Page 221
9.3.1 Optical spectrum......Page 222
9.3.2 Ultraviolet spectrum......Page 224
9.3.3 Bolometric evolution, the origin of the light curve, and the Maximum Magnitude–Rate of Decline relation......Page 227
9.3.4 The fireball stage......Page 233
9.4 Structure of the unresolved ejecta......Page 234
9.4.1 P Cygni profiles and multiple absorption and emission line systems......Page 240
9.4.3 Evidence for abundances and mixing in the ejecta......Page 245
9.5 Mass determinations for the ejecta......Page 246
9.6 The X-ray turn-off seen from the ultraviolet......Page 247
9.7 Recurrent novae as special cases......Page 249
9.8 Summary......Page 252
Acknowledgements......Page 253
References......Page 254
10.1 Introduction......Page 256
10.2 Sources of X-rays......Page 257
10.3 X-ray light curves......Page 258
10.4 The soft component......Page 260
10.4.1 V1974 Cyg......Page 261
10.4.2 GQ Mus......Page 262
10.4.5 V1494 Aql......Page 263
10.4.6 V4743 Sgr......Page 264
10.4.7 X-ray survey of super-soft novae......Page 265
10.5 The hard component......Page 266
10.6 Re-establishment of accretion......Page 268
10.8 Short-term variability......Page 269
10.9 Concluding remarks......Page 273
References......Page 274
11.1 Introduction......Page 276
11.2.1 Nucleosynthesis of radioactive nuclei......Page 278
11.2.2 Gamma-ray production and propagation......Page 286
11.3 Gamma-ray spectra and light curves of individual novae......Page 287
11.3.1 Positron annihilation radiation: 511 keV line and continuum......Page 289
11.3.2 Line emission from Be and 22Na at 478 and 1275 keV......Page 292
11.4.1 Galactic Na emission at 1275 keV from novae......Page 294
11.4.2 Contribution of novae to Galactic Al emission at 1.809 MeV......Page 295
11.5.1 The 1275 keV line from Na......Page 296
11.5.2 The 478 keV line from Be......Page 297
11.5.3 The 511 keV annihilation line......Page 298
11.5.4 The 1.809 MeV line from 26Al......Page 301
11.6 Observations with INTEGRAL......Page 302
11.7 Discussion......Page 303
Acknowledgements......Page 305
References......Page 306
12.1 Introduction......Page 309
12.2.1 Optical......Page 310
12.2.2 Near-infrared......Page 317
12.3.1 Physical conditions......Page 318
12.3.2 Kinematics, remnant shape and distance determination......Page 319
12.4 Radio imagery......Page 321
12.5.3 Hydrodynamical models of shaping......Page 323
12.6 GK Persei......Page 325
12.7 Concluding remarks......Page 327
References......Page 330
13.2.1 Preamble......Page 332
Infrared......Page 333
Dust features......Page 336
Optical dust signatures......Page 337
The nature of the data......Page 338
UIR emission......Page 339
13.3.4 The millimetre range......Page 341
13.4.1 Formation of simple molecules......Page 342
13.4.2 Formation of nucleation sites......Page 345
13.5 Dust formation and growth......Page 349
13.7.1 Grain size......Page 351
13.8 Nova remnants......Page 352
13.9 Isotopic ratios......Page 354
13.10 Concluding remarks......Page 355
References......Page 357
14.1 Introductory remarks......Page 359
14.2 Nova populations......Page 362
14.2.1 Two populations of novae?......Page 366
14.3 Extragalactic nova rates......Page 369
14.3.1 Determining the LSNR......Page 370
14.3.2 Uncertainties in the LSNRs......Page 373
14.4 Novae as distance indicators......Page 374
14.4.1 Recent developments......Page 377
14.5 Directions for future studies......Page 379
Acknowledgements......Page 380
References......Page 381
Object index......Page 384
Subject index......Page 389