Classic and Advanced Ceramics: From Fundamentals to Applications

Classic and Advanced Ceramics: From Fundamentals to Applications......Page 2
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 18
1.1 Ceramics through the Ages, and Technological Progress......Page 24
1.2 Classification of Ceramics......Page 29
References......Page 32
2: Mineralogy, Structure, and Green Processing of Clay Minerals......Page 34
2.1 Natural Clay Minerals......Page 35
2.1.1 Formation of Clay Minerals......Page 36
2.1.2 Structure of Important Clay Minerals......Page 39
2.1.2.1 Kaolinite......Page 41
2.1.2.2 Illite......Page 42
2.1.2.3 Montmorillonite: Structure and Application......Page 45
2.1.3 Nomenclature of Clays......Page 49
2.2 Synthetic Raw Materials......Page 50
2.3 Processing and Forming of Clay Powders......Page 53
2.3.2 Wet Forming Methods......Page 54
2.4.1 Modeling of Rheological Behavior......Page 55
2.4.1.1 Linear Two-Element Models......Page 57
2.4.1.2 Linear Three-Element Models......Page 59
2.4.2.1 Structural Viscosity......Page 60
2.4.2.2 Hofmeister Series......Page 63
2.4.2.3 Effect of pH on Clay–Water Suspensions......Page 64
2.4.2.4 Zeta (Electrokinetic) Potential......Page 65
2.4.2.5 Thixotropy and Rheopexy......Page 69
2.5 Drying of Green Clay Bodies......Page 70
References......Page 73
3.1.1 Gibbs’ Phase Rule......Page 78
3.1.2 One-Component Phase Diagrams......Page 80
3.1.3.1 Simple Binary Phase Diagram without Intermediate Compound or Solid Solution......Page 82
3.1.3.2 Complete Solid Solution of Two Components......Page 84
3.1.4.1 Composition of a Ternary Compound......Page 85
3.1.4.2 Phase Boundary Lines, Eutectic Points, and Degrees of Freedom......Page 86
3.1.4.3 Compatibility Joins (Conodes) and Compatibility Triangles......Page 87
3.1.4.4 The Complete (3-D) Ternary Phase Diagram......Page 88
3.1.5 Four-Component (Quaternary) Phase Diagrams......Page 91
3.1.5.1 Conclusion......Page 93
3.2.1.1 Silica......Page 94
3.2.2.1 Al2O3–SiO2......Page 104
3.2.2.2 MgO–SiO2......Page 107
3.2.2.3 CaO–SiO2......Page 109
3.2.3.1 CaO–Al2O3–SiO2......Page 111
3.2.3.2 K2O–Al2O3–SiO2......Page 112
References......Page 117
4.1 Introduction......Page 122
4.2 Crystallography of the Thermal Transformation of Kaolinite......Page 123
4.3 Thermal Transformations in Illitic Clays......Page 127
4.4 Thermal Transformations and Phase Formation in the System MgO–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2......Page 132
4.5 Thermal Transformations and Phase Formation in the System MgO–(Fe2O3)–Al2O3–SiO2......Page 136
References......Page 140
5.1 Historical Development......Page 142
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 143
5.2.2 Typical Composition and Materials Properties......Page 144
5.2.3 Phase Composition......Page 147
5.2.4.1 Calcium Silicates......Page 151
5.2.4.2 Calcium Aluminate......Page 152
5.2.4.3 Ferrite (Brownmillerite)......Page 154
5.2.4.4 Kinetics of Hydration......Page 155
5.2.5.1 Delayed Nucleation Model......Page 156
5.2.5.2 Protective Layer Model......Page 157
5.2.6 Setting and Hardening of Cement......Page 159
5.3.1 Mineral and Chemical Admixtures......Page 161
5.3.1.2 Chemical Admixtures......Page 162
5.3.2 DSP Cement......Page 165
5.3.3 Macro-Defect-Free (MDF) Cement......Page 166
5.3.4 Gas Concrete (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete; AAC)......Page 167
5.4 Environmental Impact and Concrete Recycling......Page 168
5.4.2 NOx Emissions......Page 169
5.4.4 Water Pollution......Page 170
5.4.5 Environmental Benefits......Page 171
5.5.1 Reduction of the Emission of Greenhouse Gases......Page 173
5.5.2 Recycling of Concrete......Page 174
References......Page 176
6.1 General Properties of Advanced Ceramics......Page 180
6.2 The Current World Market Situation......Page 186
6.2.2 Advanced Electronic Ceramics......Page 187
6.2.3 Advanced Ceramic Coatings......Page 189
6.2.4 Chemical Processing and Environment-Related Ceramics......Page 190
6.3 Recent US and Global Forecasts......Page 191
6.3.1 Advanced Ceramic Powders......Page 193
6.3.3 Ceramic Superconductors......Page 194
References......Page 195
7.1.1 General Properties and Application......Page 198
7.1.2.1 Extraction......Page 199
7.1.2.2 Precipitation......Page 200
7.1.3.1 Stable Alumina Polymorphs......Page 201
7.1.3.2 Transitional Alumina Polymorphs......Page 205
7.1.4.2 Stuffed Alumina Ceramics......Page 208
7.1.4.3 Selected Applications of Alumina Ceramics......Page 209
7.2.1 Introduction......Page 219
7.2.2 Processing of Zirconia......Page 220
7.2.3 Structure of Zirconia......Page 222
7.2.4 Transformation Toughening of Zirconia Ceramics......Page 224
7.2.5.3 System ZrO2–Y2O3......Page 231
7.2.5.4 System ZrO2–CeO2......Page 234
7.2.5.5 System ZrO2–Sc2O3......Page 236
7.2.6.1 Structural Applications......Page 238
7.2.6.2 Functional Applications......Page 242
7.3.2 Processing of Titania......Page 258
7.3.3 Structure of Titania......Page 260
7.3.4.1 Pigments......Page 261
7.3.4.2 Semiconductor Gas Sensors......Page 262
7.3.4.3 Photocatalysis......Page 263
7.3.4.5 Photovoltaic Applications......Page 266
References......Page 268
8.1 Introduction......Page 276
8.1.1 Definition and Properties of Ferroic, Smart, and Intelligent Materials......Page 277
8.1.2 Historical Development of Dielectric Ceramics......Page 279
8.2.1 Dielectric Effects......Page 281
8.2.2 Electric Polarization in Dielectric Materials......Page 282
8.2.3 Characteristic Dielectric Parameters......Page 290
8.3 Ferroelectric Ceramics......Page 292
8.3.1 Barium Titanate (BT)......Page 296
8.3.2 Lead Zirconate/Lead Titanate (PZT)......Page 298
8.3.3 Ferroelectric Relaxor Ceramics......Page 300
8.4.1 Grain Boundary Engineering......Page 304
8.4.2 Design of Microwave Ceramics......Page 306
8.5 Pyroelectric and Piezoelectric Ceramics......Page 311
8.5.1 Pyroelectric Ceramics......Page 312
8.5.2 Semiquantitative Model of Piezoelectricity......Page 314
8.5.3 Novel Piezoelectric Single Crystals with CGG Structure......Page 317
8.5.3.1 Structure of CGG Compounds......Page 318
8.5.3.2 Czochralski Growth of Single Crystals......Page 319
8.5.3.3 Selected Properties of Single Crystals with CGG Structure......Page 320
8.6.1 Linear Electro-Optic (Pockels) Effect......Page 324
8.6.2 Quadratic Electro-Optic (Kerr) Effect......Page 325
8.6.4 Electro-Optic Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT)......Page 326
8.7.1 Microwave Resonators......Page 327
8.7.1.1 Types and Characteristics of Resonators......Page 328
8.7.2 Examples of Applications of Ferroelectric Ceramic Materials......Page 330
8.7.3 Examples of Applications of Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials......Page 331
8.7.4 Reliability of Devices......Page 334
References......Page 335
9.2 Definitions......Page 342
9.3 Historical Developments......Page 343
9.4 Material Classification......Page 346
9.5.2 Superconducting MgB2......Page 347
9.5.3 Iron Pnictides......Page 348
9.5.4 Cuprate Superconductors......Page 349
9.7 Materials Processing......Page 354
9.7.1 Nb3Sn Fabrication Processes......Page 355
9.7.3 Processing of HTS Cuprates......Page 356
9.7.3.1 Bulk Material and Tapes from YBCO......Page 357
9.7.3.2 BSCCO Wires and Tapes......Page 358
9.8.1 Cables for Power Grids......Page 359
9.8.2 Superconducting Magnets......Page 362
9.8.4 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)......Page 363
9.8.6 Electronic Applications......Page 364
9.9 Outlook and Future Developments......Page 365
References......Page 366
10.1.1 Scope and Socioeconomic Consequences......Page 370
10.1.2 Basic Aspects of Biomineralization......Page 371
10.1.3 Design of Endoprosthetic Implants......Page 372
10.2 The Concept and Definition of Biocompatibility......Page 375
10.3 The Interaction of Implant Materials and Living Tissues: A Basic Approach......Page 377
10.4 Mechanical Properties of Advanced Bioceramics: Alumina versus Zirconia......Page 380
10.5.1.1 Alumina......Page 382
10.5.1.2 Y-Stabilized Zirconia (Y-TZP)......Page 384
10.5.2.1 Bioglasses......Page 388
10.5.2.2 Hydroxyapatite......Page 392
10.5.2.3 Calcium–Titanium–Zirconium Phosphates......Page 405
10.5.2.4 Resorbable Calcium Phosphate Ceramics......Page 416
10.6 Performance Requirements and Quality Control of Ceramic Femoral Ball Heads......Page 419
10.6.1 Electronic Processes during γ-Ray Sterilization of Zirconia Femoral Heads......Page 423
10.7 Future Developments and Outlook......Page 428
References......Page 431
11.1 Introduction......Page 444
11.2 Carbides......Page 447
11.2.1.2 Processing of Boron Carbide......Page 448
11.2.1.3 Structure and Bonding of Boron Carbide......Page 449
11.2.1.4 Selected Applications of Boron Carbide......Page 450
11.2.2.1 General Properties and Applications......Page 452
11.2.2.2 Processing of Silicon Carbide......Page 453
11.2.2.3 Structure of Silicon Carbide......Page 458
11.2.2.4 Selected Applications of Silicon Carbide......Page 459
11.3.1.1 General Properties and Applications......Page 465
11.3.1.2 Synthesis and Processing of Boron Nitride......Page 466
11.3.1.3 Structure of Boron Nitride......Page 468
11.3.1.4 Selected Applications of Boron Nitride......Page 470
11.3.2.2 Synthesis and Processing of Aluminum Nitride......Page 475
11.3.2.3 Structure of Aluminum Nitride......Page 476
11.3.2.4 Selected Applications of Aluminum Nitride......Page 477
11.3.3.1 General Properties and Applications......Page 480
11.3.3.2 Synthesis and Processing of Silicon Nitride......Page 481
11.3.3.3 Structure of Silicon Nitride......Page 486
11.3.3.4 Selected Applications of Silicon Nitride......Page 488
11.3.4.1 General Properties and Applications of Sialons......Page 491
11.3.4.3 Structure of Sialons......Page 493
11.3.4.4 Selected Applications of Sialons......Page 495
References......Page 497
12.1 Design of Monodisperse Ceramic Powders......Page 504
12.2 Ceramic Processing in a Microgravity Environment......Page 505
12.3 Powder Preparation under Reduced Gravity......Page 506
12.4 Ceramic Powder Synthesis by SHS......Page 510
12.5.1 Unique Properties of Nanoparticles......Page 511
12.5.2 Application of Ceramic Nanopowders......Page 513
12.5.3 The Manufacture of Nanopowders......Page 515
12.5.4 Structural Characterization of Ceramic Nanoparticles......Page 516
12.6 Future Development Trends......Page 517
References......Page 519
Appendices......Page 522
Appendix A: Construction of the Phase Diagram of a Binary System A–B with Ideal Solid Solution......Page 524
Displacive Transition in Crystals with Perovskite Structure......Page 530
Landau Theory......Page 531
Application of the Landau Theory to Ferroelectric Transitions......Page 534
References......Page 536
Appendix C: Radial Electron Density Distribution (RED) Function......Page 538
References......Page 543
Appendix D: Thermodynamics of Spinodal Decomposition of Crystals......Page 544
References......Page 547
London Equations......Page 548
Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) Theory......Page 549
High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Cuprates (Unconventional Superconductors)......Page 551
Heavy Fermion Superconductors......Page 556
Type II Superconductors......Page 557
References......Page 558
Index......Page 560