Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Volume I: The Structure of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible

Translator\'s note by Sian Reynolds......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Maps and Graphs......Page 16
Illustrations......Page 18
Introduction......Page 24
Preface......Page 28
Guessing the world population......Page 32
Ebb and flow......Page 33
The lack of statistics......Page 35
How to calculate?......Page 39
The equivalence of Europe and China......Page 40
World population......Page 41
Questionable figures......Page 42
The relationship between the centuries......Page 47
The old inadequate explanations......Page 48
Climatic rhythms......Page 50
Towns, armies arid navies......Page 52
A France prematurely overpopulated......Page 55
Density of population and level of civilization......Page 57
Other points inferred from Cordon w. Hewes\' map......Page 63
Wild men and animals......Page 65
The eighteenth century: watershed of biological regimes......Page 71
Preserving the balance......Page 72
Famine......Page 74
Epidemics......Page 79
The plague......Page 84
The cycle of diseases......Page 89
1400- 1800: a long-lasting biological ancien regime......Page 91
The many against the few......Page 93
Against the barbarians......Page 94
The disappearance of the great nomads befo re the seventeenth century......Page 95
The conquest of space......Page 99
The resistance of cultures......Page 101
Civilization against civilization......Page 103
2. Daily Bread......Page 105
Wheat......Page 109
Wheat and other grains......Page 110
Wheat and crop rotation......Page 115
Low yields, compensations and disasters......Page 121
Increased cultivation and higher yields......Page 123
Local and international trade in grain......Page 125
Grain and calories......Page 130
The price of grain and the standard of living......Page 134
Bread of the rich, bread and gruel of the poor......Page 137
To buy bread, or bake it at home?......Page 140
Grain rules Europe......Page 144
Rice......Page 146
Rice cultivated dry and in paddy-fields......Page 147
The miracle of the paddy-fields......Page 148
The importance of rice......Page 153
Well-ascertained origins......Page 159
Maize and American civilizations......Page 160
The dietary revolutions of the eighteenth century......Page 164
Maize outside America......Page 165
Potatoes: a great future......Page 168
Eating other people\'s bread......Page 172
The rest of the world......Page 173
(1) A feature of ancient times......Page 175
(2) A homogeneous humanity......Page 177
(3) Absorption of new elements......Page 178
The primitive peoples......Page 179
3.\rSuperfluity, and Sufficiency: Food and Drink......Page 184
A belated luxury......Page 188
Carnivorous Europe......Page 191
The decline in meat consumption after 1550......Page 195
Europe\'s privileged position......Page 200
The extravagances of the table......Page 203
Laying the table......Page 204
The slow adoption of good manners......Page 207
At the table of Christ......Page 208
Everyday foods: salt......Page 210
Everyday foods: dairy products, fats, eggs......Page 211
Everyday seafoods......Page 215
Cod fishing......Page 217
The decline in the vogue for pepper after 1650......Page 221
Sugar conquers the world......Page 225
Water......Page 228
Wine......Page 232
Beer......Page 239
Cider......Page 241
The belated popularity of alcohol in Europe......Page 242
Alcoholism outside Europe......Page 248
Chocolate, tea, coffee......Page 250
Stimulants: the glories of tobacco......Page 261
Houses throughout the world......Page 267
Rich building materials: stone and brick......Page 268
Less favoured building materials: wood, earth , fabric......Page 273
Rural dwellings in Europe......Page 275
Urban houses and dwellings......Page 278
The urbanized countryside......Page 282
The lack of possessions of the poor......Page 284
Traditional civilizations and unchanging interiors......Page 286
The double pattern of Chinese furniture......Page 289
In Black Africa......Page 293
The West and its many different types of furniture......Page 294
Floors, walls, ceilings, doors and windows......Page 295
Chimneys and fireplaces......Page 299
Furnaces and stoves......Page 301
Furniture makers and the vanities of buyers......Page 304
The domestic interior seen whole......Page 307
Luxury and comfort......Page 311
Costume and fashion......Page 312
When society stood still......Page 313
If all the world were poor . . .......Page 314
Europe and the craze for fashion......Page 316
Is fashion frivolous?......Page 322
The geography of textiles......Page 326
Fashion in the broad sense: long-term change......Page 329
Conclusions?......Page 334
5.\rThe Spread of Technology:\rSources of Energy, Metallurgy......Page 335
The key problem: sources of energy......Page 337
The human engine......Page 338
Animal power......Page 342
Wind engines and water engines......Page 354
Wood, an everyday source of energy......Page 363
Coal......Page 369
Concluding remarks......Page 372
Iron: a poor relation......Page 374
The beginnings of metallurgy......Page 376
Progress between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries in Styria and\rDauphine......Page 378
Semi-concentrations......Page 381
A few figures......Page 382
Other metals......Page 383
The origins of gunpowder......Page 386
Artillery becomes mobile......Page 388
Artillery on board ship......Page 389
Arquebuses, muskets, rifles......Page 393
Production and costs......Page 394
Artillery on a world scale......Page 397
From paper to the printing press......Page 398
The invention of moveable type......Page 400
Printing and history......Page 402
The navies of the Old World......Page 403
The water routes of the world......Page 407
The simple problem of the Atlantic......Page 410
Transport......Page 416
Fixed itineraries......Page 417
On not exaggerating the impo rtance of transport problems......Page 420
Water transport......Page 422
Antiquated means of transport......Page 423
Europe......Page 424
Low speeds and capacities......Page 425
Carriage and carriers......Page 426
Transport: a brake on the economy......Page 429
Technology and agriculture......Page 431
Technology in itself......Page 432
7.\rMoney......Page 437
Imperfect currencies and economies......Page 442
Primitive currencies......Page 443
Barter within monetary economies......Page 445
Japan and the Turkish Empire......Page 449
India......Page 451
China......Page 453
Some rules of the currency game......Page 458
Competition between metals......Page 459
Flight, saving and hoarding......Page 462
Money of account......Page 465
Stocks of metal and the velocity of m onetary circulation......Page 467
Outside the market economy......Page 469
Paper money and instruments of credit......Page 471
Old practices......Page 472
Cash and credit......Page 475
Schumpeter\'s diagnosis: everything is money and everything is credit......Page 476
Money and credit: a language......Page 478
Towns: the problem of definition......Page 480
Minimum size, combined weight......Page 482
The ever-changing division of labour......Page 485
The town and its newcomers: mainly the poor......Page 490
The self-consciousness of towns......Page 492
Towns, artillery and carriages in the West......Page 498
Geography and urban communications......Page 499
Urban hierarchies......Page 505
Towns and civilizations: the case of Islam......Page 508
The originality of Western towns......Page 510
Free worlds......Page 511
Towns as outposts of modernity......Page 513
Urban patterns......Page 515
Different types of development......Page 521
The states......Page 526
The function of capital cities......Page 528
Unbalanced worlds......Page 529
Naples, from the Royal Palace to the Mercato......Page 533
St Petersburg in 1790......Page 535
Penultimate journey: Peking......Page 541
London from Elizabeth I to George III......Page 548
Urbanization, the sign of modern man......Page 557
Conclusion......Page 560
NOTES TO CHAPTER I......Page 566
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2......Page 575
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3......Page 582
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4......Page 590
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5......Page 594
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6......Page 598
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7......Page 601
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8......Page 604
NOTE TO CONCLUSION......Page 607
A......Page 608
B......Page 609
C......Page 610
E......Page 612
F......Page 613
G......Page 614
I......Page 615
K......Page 616
M......Page 617
N......Page 619
P......Page 620
R......Page 621
S......Page 622
T......Page 623
V......Page 624
Y......Page 625
Z......Page 626