Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Volume III: The Perspective of the World

Contents......Page 6
Maps and Graphs......Page 13
Illustrations......Page 15
Foreword......Page 18
World-economies......Page 22
There have always been world-economies......Page 25
Some ground rules......Page 26
Rule One: the boundaries change only slowly......Page 27
Rule Two: a dominant capitalist city always lies at the centre......Page 28
Rule Two (continued): cities take it in turns to lead......Page 33
Rule Two ( continued): the power and influence of cities may vary......Page 35
Rule Three: there is always a hierarchy of zones within
a world-economy......Page 36
Rule Three (continued): Von Thunen's zones......Page 39
Rule Three (continued): the spatial arrangement of the world-economy......Page 40
Rule Three (continued): do neutral zones exist?......Page 43
Rule Three (conclusion): envelope and infrastructure......Page 45
The world-economy: an order among other orders......Page 46
The economic order and the international division of labour......Page 48
The state: political power and economic power......Page 51
Empire and world-economy......Page 55
War and the zones of the world-economy......Page 58
Societies and the world-economy......Page 62
The cultural order......Page 66
The world-economy model is certainly a valid one......Page 70
The rhythms of the 'conjuncture'......Page 72
Fluctuations across a spatial sounding-board......Page 76
The secular trend......Page 77
An explanatory chronology of the world-economies......Page 79
Kondratieff cycles and the secular trend......Page 81
Can the long-term conjuncture be explained?......Page 83
Past and present......Page 86
2.
The City- Centred Economies of
the European Past:
Before and After Venice......Page 90
European expansion from the eleventh century......Page 93
The world-economy and hi-polarity......Page 97
The northern complex: the heyday of Bruges......Page 99
The northern complex: the rise of the Hansa......Page 102
The other pole of attraction: the Italian cities......Page 107
An interlude: the Champagne fairs......Page 112
France's lost opportunity......Page 116
The belated rise of Venice......Page 117
Genoa versus Venice......Page 119
Venice reigns supreme......Page 120
The world-economy centred on Venice......Page 125
Venice's resp onsibility......Page 126
The galere da mercato......Page 127
The Venetian model of capitalism......Page 128
Labour in Venice......Page 133
Had industry become Venice's major activity?......Page 136
The Turkish peril......Page 137
The traditional explanation......Page 139
New interpretations......Page 140
Antwerp: a world capital created by outside agency......Page 144
Antwerp's first experience of expansion and disappointment......Page 149
Antwerp's second boom and slump......Page 151
Antwerp's industrial phase......Page 154
The originality of Antwerp......Page 155
'A screen of barren mountains'......Page 158
Operating by remote control......Page 160
A balancing act......Page 163
Genoa's discreet rule over Europe......Page 165
Reasons for the Genoese success......Page 167
The Genoese withdrawal......Page 170
Genoa survives......Page 171
Back to the world-economy......Page 174
3.
The City-Centred Economies of the European Past: Amsterdatn......Page 176
A strip of land, lacking in natural wealth......Page 178
Agricultural achievement......Page 179
A high-voltage urban economy......Page 181
Amsterdam......Page 183
A variegated population......Page 185
Fisheries from the first......Page 189
The Dutch fleet......Page 191
Can the United Provinces be called a 'state'?......Page 194
Internal structures: little change......Page 196
Taxing the poor......Page 201
The United Provinces and the outside world......Page 204
When business was king......Page 206
The seeds of success had all been sown by
1585......Page 208
The rest of Europe and the Mediterranean......Page 211
The Dutch versus the Portuguese, or the art of the takeover bid......Page 212
The coherence of trade within the Dutch empire......Page 217
Success in Asia, lack of success in America......Page 221
Struggle and success......Page 222
The rise and fall of the V.O.C.......Page 224
Why the collapse in the eighteenth century?......Page 228
Failure in the New World: the limits of Dutch success......Page 233
World-domination and capitalism......Page 236
What was good for the entrep6t trade was good for Amsterdam......Page 237
Commodities and credit......Page 240
The commission trade......Page 242
The acceptance trade......Page 244
The loans mania or the perversion of capital......Page 246
A change of perspective: away from Amsterdam......Page 249
The Baltic countries......Page 250
France versus Holland: an unequal struggle......Page 257
England and Holland......Page 261
Outside Europe: the East Indies......Page 263
Is is possible to generalize?......Page 264
On the decline of Amsterdam......Page 267
The crises of 1763, 1772-3, 1780-3......Page 268
The 'Batavian' revolution......Page 274
4.
National Markets......Page 278
A hierarchy of units......Page 281
Provincial units and markets......Page 286
The nation-state, yes but the national market?......Page 288
Internal customs barriers......Page 290
Against a priori definitions......Page 293
The territorial economy and the city-centred economy......Page 296
Weights and measures......Page 299
Three variables, three sets of dimensions......Page 300
Three ambiguous concepts......Page 304
Orders of magnitude and correlations......Page 305
National debt and G.N.P.......Page 308
Some other equations......Page 309
From consumption to G.N.P.......Page 312
Frank Spooner's calculations......Page 313
Visible continuities......Page 315
Diversity and unity......Page 316
Natural and artificial links......Page 321
The primacy of politics......Page 323
Was France simply too big?......Page 325
Paris plus Lyon, Lyon plus Paris......Page 327
Paris takes the crown......Page 331
A plea for a differential history......Page 336
For and against the Rouen-Geneva line......Page 338
Border zones, coastal and continental......Page 340
The towns of 'the other France'......Page 345
The French interior......Page 348
The interior colonized by the periphery......Page 352
England's trading supremacy......Page 353
How England became an island......Page 354
The pound sterling......Page 357
London creates the national market and is created by it......Page 366
How England became Great Britain......Page 370
England's greatness and the national debt......Page 376
From the Treaty of Versailles (1783 ) to the Eden Treaty (1786)......Page 380
Statistics: a contribution but not a solution......Page 383
5.
For and Against Europe:
the Rest of the World......Page 387
The Americas: playing for the highest stakes of all......Page 388
America's wide open spaces: hostile but promising......Page 389
Regional or national markets......Page 391
Patterns of slavery......Page 393
When the colonies worked for Europe......Page 400
When the colonies worked against Europe......Page 402
The conflict over industry......Page 404
The English colonies choose liberty......Page 406
Competition and rivalry in trade......Page 410
Spanish America reconsidered......Page 414
The Spanish Empire taken in hand again......Page 418
The treasure of treasures......Page 421
Neither feudalism nor capitalism?......Page 426
Black Africa: collaborator as well as victim?......Page 431
The western half of Africa......Page 432
Black Africa: isolated yet accessible......Page 433
From the coast to the interior......Page 438
The three-cornered traffic and its terms of trade......Page 439
The end of the slave trade......Page 441
The return of the Russian economy to quasi-autonomy......Page 442
A strong state......Page 445
The yoke of serfdom in Russia: an ever-increasing burden......Page 447
The market and rural society......Page 449
A small-town society......Page 453
A world-economy - but what kind of world-economy?......Page 455
The invention of Siberia......Page 456
Inferiorities and weaknesses......Page 461
The price of European intrusion......Page 463
The foundations of a world-economy......Page 468
The scale of European penetration of the Turkish Empire......Page 472
A land of caravans......Page 476
Turkish waters: a well-protected sector......Page 477
The merchants serving the Ottoman Empire......Page 481
Economic decadence, political decadence......Page 483
The Far East - greatest of all the world-economies......Page 485
The fourth world-economy......Page 489
India's self-inflicted conquest......Page 490
Gold and silver, strength or weakness?......Page 491
The European assault force: merchants with a difference......Page 492
Trading posts, factories, supercargoes......Page 495
How to get at the real history of the Far East?......Page 498
The villages of India......Page 499
Artisans and industry......Page 504
A national market......Page 510
The significance of the Mogul Empire......Page 513
Political and non-political reasons for the fall of the Mogul Empire......Page 514
India's decline in the nineteenth century......Page 519
India and China: caught in a super-world-economy......Page 524
Malacca's hour of glory......Page 525
The new centres of the Far East......Page 531
Is any conclusion possible?......Page 534
Revolution: a complicated and ambiguous term......Page 537
Downstream from the industrial revolution:
the under-developed countries......Page 540
Upstream from the English industrial revolution:
revolutions that came to nothing......Page 543
Alexandrian Egypt......Page 544
The earliest industrial revolution in Europe: horses and mills,
from the eleventh to the thirteenth century......Page 545
The age of Agricola and Leonardo da Vinci: a revolution in embryo......Page 549
John U. Nef and the first British industrial revolution, 1560-1640......Page 553
The industrial revolution in Britain, sector by sector......Page 557
British agriculture - a crucial factor......Page 559
The demographic revival......Page 565
Technology: a necessary but probably not sufficient condition......Page 567
Why the cotton revolution should not be underestimated......Page 572
Victory in long-distance trade......Page 576
The spread of inland transport......Page 582
The mills of history grind exceedingly slow......Page 588
Beyond the industrial revolution......Page 589
Types of growth......Page 590
How can growth be explained?......Page 592
Growth and the division of labour......Page 593
The division of labour: the end of the road for the putting-out system......Page 594
The industrialists......Page 596
British economy and society by sector......Page 599
The division of labour and the geography of Britain......Page 600
Finance and capitalism......Page 602
How important was the short-term economic climate?......Page 610
Material progress and living standards......Page 618
By Way of Conclusion:
Past and Present......Page 620
Capitalism and the long-term (la longue duree)......Page 621
Capitalism and the social context......Page 624
Can capitalism survive?......Page 627
A conclusion to end conclusions: capitalism and the market economy......Page 629
NOTES TO FOREWORD......Page 634
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1......Page 635
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2......Page 638
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3......Page 646
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4......Page 654
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5......Page 662
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6......Page 673
NOTES TO CONCLUSION......Page 678
A......Page 680
B......Page 681
C
......Page 683
D......Page 685
F......Page 686
G
......Page 687
H......Page 688
I......Page 689
K......Page 690
L......Page 691
M......Page 692
N......Page 693
P......Page 694
R......Page 695
S......Page 696
T......Page 698
V......Page 699
Z......Page 700