Civic Ideology, Organization, and Law in the Rule Scrolls: A Comparative Study of the Covenanters' Sect and Contemporary Voluntary Associations

Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Abbreviations......Page 23
List of Tables......Page 27
1.1 Defining the Problem......Page 29
1.1.1 The Nomoi of Contemporary Voluntary Associations......Page 34
1.1.2 Politeiai: Constitutions of Real and Ideal States......Page 35
1.2.1 The Damascus Rule and the Community Rule......Page 36
1.2.1.1 Similarities Between the Camps and the Yaḥad......Page 39
1.2.1.2 Differences between the Camps and the Yaḥad......Page 40
1.2.1.3 The Relationship between the Camps and the Yaḥad......Page 41
1.2.1.4 The Mss. of S and the Nature of the Yaḥad......Page 42
1.2.2 The Rule for the Congregation (SE)......Page 46
1.2.3 A Note on Qumran and the Yaḥad......Page 47
1.3.1 The Essene Hypothesis: Ancient Observers of the Covenanters’ Association......Page 49
1.3.2 The Ḥavurot: Purity Associations with Assimilative Civic Ideology?......Page 52
1.3.3 Essenes and Pythagoreans: Parallels and Problems......Page 60
1.4.1 Hans Bardtke......Page 65
1.4.2 Other Short Studies......Page 69
1.4.3 Moshe Weinfeld......Page 70
1.4.4 Matthias Klinghardt......Page 75
1.4.5 Sandra Walker-Ramisch......Page 78
1.4.6 Albert Baumgarten......Page 81
1.4.7 Marie-Françoise Baslez......Page 84
1.4.8 Justin Taylor......Page 87
1.4.9 Randolph Herrmann......Page 89
1.5.2 What is “Influence”?......Page 93
1.5.3 A Way Forward: Social Patterns in Rationalized Societies......Page 95
1.5.4 Civic Ideology and Associational Typology......Page 100
1.5.5 Associational Organization and Regulation as Expressions of Civic Ideology......Page 101
1.5.6 Alternative Civic Ideology in the Covenanters’ Rule Scrolls......Page 102
2.1 Civic Ideology......Page 103
2.1.1 State Civic Ideology......Page 108
2.1.1.1 Mass Dissemination of State Civic Ideology......Page 110
2.1.2 Assimilative Associational Civic Ideology: Enlisting Subjects as Witnesses to State Legitimacy......Page 111
2.1.2.1 Patronage and Public Honors......Page 112
2.1.2.2 Associations as Partners in Civic Order: Evidence from the Nomoi......Page 115
2.1.2.3 Associational Organizational Patterns: Replicating State Patterns......Page 118
2.1.2.5 Praises, Prayers, and Policies in the Nomoi......Page 120
2.1.2.6 Local Identities, Local Loyalties......Page 122
2.2 Alternative Associational Civic Ideology......Page 123
2.2.1 An Oikos of Friends: Epicurean Civic Ideology......Page 124
2.2.1.1 Epicurean Critique of the State......Page 125
2.2.1.2 The Epicurean Commonwealth......Page 126
2.2.1.3 Epicurean Translocal Identity......Page 128
2.2.1.5 Epicurean Hierarchy......Page 129
2.2.1.6 Epicurean Regulation......Page 130
2.2.1.7 Epicurean Relations with the State......Page 131
2.2.2.1 Cynic Critique of the State......Page 133
2.2.2.2 The Cynic Commonwealth......Page 134
2.2.2.4 Cynic Open Citizenship......Page 136
2.2.2.5 Cynic Hierarchy and Regulation......Page 137
2.2.2.6 Cynic Engagement with the Status Quo......Page 138
2.2.2.7 A Cynic Republic? Diogenes’ Politeia......Page 139
2.2.3 Think Cosmic, Act Local: Stoic Civic Ideology......Page 140
2.2.3.1 Stoic Critique of the State......Page 141
2.2.3.2 The Stoic Commonwealth......Page 142
2.2.3.4 Stoic Hierarchy and Regulation......Page 144
2.2.3.5 Stoic Engagement with the Status Quo......Page 145
2.2.4.1 Paul’s View of the State and Social Critique......Page 148
2.2.4.2 The Commonwealth of Paul’s Ekklēsiai......Page 149
2.2.4.3 The Ethnic Identity of the Ekklēsiai......Page 150
2.2.4.4 Organization, Hierarchy, and Open Citizenship in the Ekklēsiai......Page 151
2.2.4.6 Regulation of the Ekklēsiai......Page 152
2.2.4.7 Relations between the Ekklēsiai and the State......Page 153
2.2.5 A Separatist Myth: The Plebs of Fifth-Century Rome in the Political Imagination......Page 154
2.2.5.1 The Organization and Law of the Plebs......Page 155
2.2.5.2 Justice and the Historical Evolution of the Roman State......Page 156
2.2.5.3 The Piety of the Plebs......Page 157
2.2.5.5 The Significance of the Plebs for the Study of the Covenanters......Page 158
2.3 The Covenanters among Associations with Alternative Civic Ideology......Page 159
3.1 Introduction......Page 161
3.2.1.2 Departure from the Torah......Page 163
3.2.1.4 Improper Understanding of Nature......Page 164
3.2.1.5 The Combination of the Offices of King and High Priest......Page 167
3.2.1.7 History Repeats Itself......Page 168
3.2.1.8 Politics Not Scholastics: The Orientation of the Covenanters’ Ideology......Page 169
3.2.2.1 Origins: the Teacher of Righteousness......Page 172
3.2.2.2.1 Remnant, Exiles, Camps, and Congregation......Page 173
3.2.2.2.2 Sectarian Halaka: Courts and Cult......Page 175
3.2.2.2.3 “Priests, Levites, and Sons of Zadok”: Cultic Identity......Page 176
3.2.2.2.4 Cultic Separation......Page 177
3.2.2.2.7 Further Positive Elements of the Covenanters’ Civic Ideology......Page 178
3.2.3.1 The Historical Context of Constitution and Law: the Aristotelian Constitution of Athens......Page 181
3.2.3.2 A Moral Indictment of the State: Xenophon’s Constitution of Athens......Page 182
3.2.3.3 Associational Analogies to Statutes on Sacrifice......Page 183
3.2.3.4 Associational and Constitutional Analogies to the Teacher of Righteousness as “Founder”......Page 185
3.2.3.4.1 Founders, Reformers, and Restorers in Political Contexts......Page 186
3.2.4 Juridical Authority and Civic Ideology in the Laws of D......Page 187
3.3 The Jurisdiction of the Covenanters’ Courts in the Rule of the Assembly of the Cities of Israel (CD 15:1–12:20a and ||)......Page 189
3.3.1 Statutes on Oaths (CD 15:1–5a || 4QDe fr. 6 i; 4QDf fr. 4 i–ii)......Page 190
3.3.1.1 Constitutional Analogies to Statutes on Oaths......Page 194
3.3.2 Statutes on Initiation and Exclusion (CD 15:5b–17 || 4QDa fr. 8 i 1–9)......Page 195
3.3.2.1 The Constitutional Nature and Scriptural Sources of Initiation Laws in D......Page 201
3.3.2.2 Women’s Education and Authority in Plato’s Republic and Laws......Page 209
3.3.2.3 Analogies in Scripture, Rabbinic Judaism, and Political Discourse......Page 211
3.3.2.4 Analogies to the Initiation Laws of D in the Associational Nomoi......Page 213
3.3.2.5 Analogies to the Initiation Laws of D in the Politeiai and Political Conventions......Page 215
3.3.2.6 The Status of Slaves in the Camps......Page 218
3.3.3 Prohibition of Appeal to Gentile Courts in Capital Cases (CD 9:1 || 4QDa fr. 8 ii 8b–9; 4QDe fr. 6 iii 16a)......Page 219
3.3.3.1 Associational Analogies to the Prohibition of Appeal to Public Courts......Page 223
3.3.4 The Rule of Reproof: Protocol and Jurisdiction of the Sectarian Court (CD 9:2–8a || 4QDa fr. 8 ii 10; 4QDb fr. 9 i 2–3; 4QDe fr. 6 iii 16b–19)......Page 226
3.3.4.1 Vengeance, Grudges, and Judgment against Outsiders......Page 228
3.3.4.2 The Elders in the Rule of Reproof......Page 230
3.3.4.3 Constitutional Analogies to the Rule of Reproof......Page 231
3.3.5.1 Oaths in the Presence of Judges (CD 9:8b–10a || 4QDe fr. 6 iv 1–2)......Page 233
3.3.5.2 Oaths of Cursing in Stolen Property Cases (CD 9:10b–12 || 4QDe fr. 6 iv 3)......Page 234
3.3.6 Laws of Ownerless Property (CD 9:13–16a)......Page 235
3.3.6.1 Who Received the Guilt Offering and the Ram?......Page 237
3.3.6.2 A Constitutional Analogy to the Laws of Ownerless Property......Page 240
3.3.7 Laws of Testimony in Capital and Property Crimes (CD 9:16b–23a || 4QDe fr. 6 iv 11–13a)......Page 241
3.3.7.1 Capital Punishment in the Sect: Trials and Execution......Page 244
3.3.7.2 Associational, Constitutional, and Biblical Analogies to Expulsion......Page 248
3.3.7.3 Further Associational and Constitutional Analogies to the Law of Witnesses......Page 250
3.3.8 Requirements for Witnesses (CD 9:23b–10:3 || 4QDe fr. 6 iv 13–15)......Page 253
3.3.8.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 254
3.3.9 The Rule for Judges of the Congregation (CD 10:4–10a || 4QDa fr. 8 iii 4–9; 4QDe fr. 6 iv 15b–19)......Page 259
3.3.9.1 Constitutional Analogies to the Rule for Judges......Page 263
3.4 The Rule for the Assembly of the Camps (CD 12:22b–13:7a || 4QDa fr. 9 ii 5–16; 4QDb fr. 9 iv 1–3)......Page 266
3.4.1 The Law on Skin Disease as an Expression of Civic Ideology......Page 268
3.5 The Rule for the Examiner of the Camp (CD 13:7b–21 || 4QDa fr. 9 ii 17–iii 14; 4QDb fr. 9 ii 9–11)......Page 269
3.5.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 274
3.6 The Rule for the Assembly of All Camps (CD 14:3-end of D)......Page 278
3.6.1 General Protocol for the Assembly (CD 14:3–12a || 4QDa fr. 10 i 1–5; 4QDb fr. 9 v 6–14; 4QDc fr. 2 1–2)......Page 279
3.6.1.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 282
3.6.2 The Rule for the Many (CD 14:12b–17a || 4QDa fr. 10 i 5b–10a)......Page 286
3.6.2.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 287
3.6.3 Summary Statements on the Laws of D, and Introduction to the Penal Code (CD 14:17b–19 || 4QDa fr. 10 i 10–13)......Page 292
3.6.4 The Penal Code of D (CD 14:20–23; 4QDa fr. 10 i 14–ii 15; 4QDd fr. 11 i 4–ii 2; 4QDe fr. 7 i 1–14)......Page 294
3.6.5 Juridical Rites at the Assembly of All Camps (4QDa fr. 11 1–21; 4QDe fr. 7 i 15b–16a)......Page 296
3.6.5.1 Constitutional and Legal Analogies......Page 301
3.7 The Conclusion to D: Judgments for the Camps and Cities, in Accordance with the Final Interpretation of the Torah (4QDa fr. 11 18b–21 || 4QDe fr. 7 ii 11–15)......Page 302
4.1 Introduction: The Cultic Civic Ideology of the Yaḥad......Page 305
4.2 Civic Ideology in the Introductory Materials of S (1QS 1–4 || 4QSa; 4QSb; 4QSc; 4QSh)......Page 308
4.2.1 Critique of the Judean State and Society......Page 309
4.2.2.1 Introduction (1QS 1:1–15 || 4QSa fr. 1 1–6)......Page 310
4.2.2.2 The Covenant Renewal Ceremony (1QS 1:16–3:12 || 4QSa fr. 2 1–9; 4QSb fr. 2–4; 4QSc fr. 1 i 1–ii 14; 4QSh fr. 1 1–4)......Page 312
4.2.2.3 The Treatise on the Two Spirits (1QS 3:13–4:26 || 4QSc fr. 2 i 1–8)......Page 315
4.2.2.4 Constitutional Analogies to the “Council of the Yaḥad”......Page 317
4.2.2.5 Associational and Constitutional Analogies to the Covenant Renewal Ceremony......Page 321
4.2.2.6 The Constitutional Significance of “The Curses of This Covenant” (1QS 2:16)......Page 323
4.2.2.7 Further Constitutional Analogies......Page 324
4.3 Statement of Purpose (1QS 5:1–7a || 4QSb fr. 4 ix 1–6a; 4QSd fr. 1a–b i 1–13)......Page 326
4.3.1.1 Atonement and Judgment: the Cult and Courts of the Yaḥad......Page 328
4.3.1.1.1 The Priestly Identity of the Yaḥad......Page 329
4.3.1.1.2 Did Priestly Authority Change? The Recensions of 1QS and 4QSb,d Compared......Page 331
4.3.1.1.3 The Recension of 1QS......Page 333
4.3.1.1.4 The Recension of 4QSb,d......Page 335
4.3.1.2 Translocal Identity and Alternative Civic Ideology in the Yaḥad......Page 337
4.3.2.2 “Sons of Zadok”: an Ezekelian Honorific......Page 338
המתנדבים 4.3.2.3: Volunteers for the Temple and Army of Israel......Page 339
4.3.2.4 The Cultic Courts of the Yaḥad: Laws in Ezekiel and Deuteronomy......Page 340
4.4 General Rules for New Members (1QS 5:7b–20b || 4QSb fr. 4 6b–13; 4QSd fr. 1 i 5b–13)......Page 341
4.4.1 The טהרה of the Men of Holiness and the Yahạd’s Cultic Ideology......Page 345
4.4.2 Purity, Holiness, Judgment, and Atonement......Page 352
4.4.3 Analogies to the Yaḥad’s Purity System in the Jerusalem Temple Cult......Page 357
4.5 General Protocol (1QS 5:20b–6:1b; || 4QSd fr. 1 II 1–6a)......Page 363
4.5.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 365
4.6 General Rules for Meetings (1QS 6:1c–7a; || 4QSd fr. 1 ii 5b–10a)......Page 367
4.6.2 Constitutional Analogies to the Common Life......Page 371
4.7 The Rule for the Many (1QS 6:7b–13b || 4QSd fr. 1 ii 10b–iii 3)......Page 378
4.7.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 382
4.8 Rules for Initiation (1QS 6:13c–23)......Page 391
4.8.1 Initiation in S and D Compared......Page 397
4.8.1.1 Purity and Property in the Yaḥad and Camps......Page 398
4.8.2 Associational Analogies to Initiation in S and D......Page 399
4.8.3.1 Initiation and Enrollment in S, D, and SE: Anticipating Protocol in Restored Israel......Page 402
4.8.3.3 Analogies from the Politeiai......Page 403
4.8.3.4 Further Military Analogies to Initiation in S......Page 406
4.9 The Penal Code for the Yaḥad (1QS 6:24–7:25; || 4QSe fr. 1 4–fr. 2 9; 4QSg fr. 3 1–fr. 4 6)......Page 409
4.9.1 The Literary Style and Structure of the Penal Code: Patterns of Punishment......Page 410
4.9.2 The Penal Codes of the Yahad and the Camps: S, D, and 4Q265 Compared......Page 415
4.9.3 Associational and Constitutional Analogies to the Penalties......Page 418
4.10.1 General Transgressions of Word and Deed (1QS 6:24b–7:9a)......Page 422
4.10.1.1 Private Property in the Penal Code?......Page 426
4.10.1.2.2 Further Analogies......Page 427
4.10.2 Unseemly Behavior at Sessions of the Many (1QS 7:9b–15a)......Page 432
4.10.2.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 435
4.10.3 Slander and Murmuring at Sessions of the Many (1QS 7:15c–18a)......Page 437
4.10.3.1 Juridical Analogies to the Authority of the Many......Page 438
4.10.4 Treachery by Junior and Senior Members of the Yaḥad (1QS 7:18b–25)......Page 440
4.10.4.1 The Constitutional Nature of Laws on Traitors......Page 442
4.11 Statutes for the Fifteen Men of Perfect Holiness (1QS 8:1–9:11 and ||)......Page 443
4.11.1 Opening Statements on the Men of Perfect Holiness (1QS 8:1–16a || 4QSe fr. 2 ii 9b–iii 6a; 4QSd fr. 3 vi 1–8)......Page 444
4.11.2 Penal Code for the Men of Perfect Holiness (1QS 8:16b–9:2 || 4QSd fr. 3 vi 8b–fr. 4 vii 3)......Page 451
4.11.2.1 Associational and Constitutional Analogies......Page 455
4.11.3 Concluding Statements on the Yaḥad (1QS 9:3–11 || 4QSd fr. 4 vii 4–9)......Page 460
4.11.3.1 Alternative Civic Ideology in the Conclusion to the Rules......Page 462
4.12 Rules for the Maskil (1QS 9:12–26a || 4QSb fr. 6 i 1–7; 4QSd fr. 4 viii 1–10a; 4QSe fr. 2–4 iii 6–iv 8)......Page 463
4.13 Liturgical Statutes and Schedule for the Maskil, and the Beginning of the Maskil’s Hymn (1QS 9:26b–10:8a || 4QSd fr. 4 ii 10b–fr. 5 ix 6)......Page 466
4.13.1 Divinely Established Order in Other Maskil Texts......Page 471
4.13.2.1 Liturgy and Liturgical Laws in the Politeiai and Torah......Page 475
4.13.2.2 Liturgy and Military Leadership: Preparation for the Day of Vengeance......Page 476
5.1 Introduction......Page 483
5.2 The Literary Form of the Rule for the Congregation: A Comparison with Xenophon’s Politeia of the Spartans......Page 485
5.3 Introduction to the Rule for the Entire Congregation of Israel (1QSa 1:1–3)......Page 489
5.4 Purpose of the Plenary Meeting (1QSa 1:4–5 || 4QSEd,e,g)......Page 490
5.5 General Introduction and Introduction to the Educational and Service Regimens (1QSa 1:6–8a)......Page 492
5.5.1 Primary Education and Registration as a Citizen (1QSa 1:8b–9a)......Page 494
5.5.1.1 Registration of Israelite Citizens in a משפחה......Page 495
5.5.1.2 Education and Age Classes in SE and the Politeiai......Page 498
5.5.2 The First Stage of Maturity, Marriage, and the Beginning of Advanced Training: Age Twenty (1QSa 1:9b–12a)......Page 499
5.5.2.1 Constitutional Analogies to the Law of Marriage......Page 504
5.5.3 The Second and Third Stages of Maturity and Advancement to Political Life: Twenty-Five and Thirty (1QSa 1:12b–16a)......Page 506
5.5.3.1 Analogies to Age Classes, Maturity, and Political Service in Scripture and the Politeiai......Page 508
5.5.4 General Principles of Selection for Service, Rank, and Advancement (1QSa 1:16b–19a)......Page 511
5.5.4.1 A Restriction on Eligibility for Service in the Congregation (1QSa 1:19b–22a)......Page 514
5.6 Protocol for Assemblies of the Congregation (1QSa 1:22b–2:22)......Page 515
5.6.1 Concluding Statement on Protocol at Plenary Sessions of the Congregation of Israel (1QSa 1:22b–25a)......Page 516
5.6.2 Assemblies of the Ruling Councils of Israel (1QSa 1:25b–27a)......Page 518
5.6.3 Eligibility for Council(s) of the Yaḥad (1QSa 1:27b–2:3a)......Page 519
5.6.3.1 The Congregation and the Council of the Yaḥad: a Link between S and D?......Page 521
5.6.4 Restrictions on Participation in the Assembly and Council (1QSa 2:3b–11a)......Page 522
5.7 Protocol for Meetings with the Messiah of Israel (1QSa 2:11b–22)......Page 525
5.7.1 Rule for Plenary Sessions with the Messiah (1QSa 2:11c–17a)......Page 526
5.7.2 Rule for Meals with the Messiah (1QSa 2:17b–22)......Page 528
5.7.2.1 A Constitutional Analogy to Meals with the King......Page 529
5.8 Conclusion: Ideal and Real Community Organization in the Rule for the Congregation......Page 530
6.1 The Covenanters among Associations of the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Eras......Page 533
6.2 The Covenanters among Associations with Alternative Civic Ideology......Page 534
6.3 The Self-Definition, Organization, and Purpose of the Covenanters’ Sect......Page 538
6.4 Channels of Influence......Page 539
6.5 Introduction to the Synoptic Tables......Page 541
Bibliography......Page 553
Index of Modern Authors......Page 577
Index of Ancient Sources......Page 581