City Diplomacy: Current Trends And Future Prospects

Prologue: A New Generation of City Diplomacy......Page 7
A Shift in the International Politics of Cities......Page 8
References......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Contents......Page 14
Notes on Contributors......Page 17
List of Figures
......Page 22
List of Tables
......Page 23
1.1 Why This Book?......Page 24
1.2 Structure of the Book......Page 27
1.3 The Way Forward......Page 32
References......Page 33
Section I: Global Governance Through City Networks......Page 34
2.1 Introduction......Page 35
2.2 The Urbanization of Global Politics......Page 37
2.3 City Networks and City Diplomacy......Page 40
2.4 City Networks as Diplomatic Agents: The #CitiesIPCC Campaign......Page 44
2.4.1 Shifting Locations of Knowledge Generation......Page 46
2.4.2 Shaping the Research Agenda......Page 47
2.5 Reconceptualizing City Networks in Global Governance......Page 49
2.5.1 Conditions for City Network Independence......Page 50
2.6 Conclusions......Page 52
References......Page 54
3.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.2 Networked Cities as Global Political Actors......Page 61
3.3 City Networks: Governing from the Middle......Page 64
3.4 From Competition Toward Collaboration......Page 67
3.5 Questioning the Privatization of Urban Affairs......Page 72
3.6 The Opportunities of a Dense Ecosystem of City Networks......Page 74
3.7 Conclusions......Page 76
References......Page 77
4.1 Introduction......Page 81
4.2 Networked Environmental City Diplomacy in Context: PNLG Versus C40......Page 83
4.2.1 Chinese City Participation in Global Environmental Governance......Page 85
4.3 First-Mover Leadership as Catalyst for Chinese Environmental City Diplomacy......Page 86
4.4 Challenging Theoretical Assumptions on Inter-City Policy Learning......Page 93
4.5 Conclusions......Page 96
References......Page 98
Section II: Local Strategies for Global Engagement and Communication......Page 102
5.1 Introduction......Page 103
5.2 Framework of City Diplomacy Including Negative Emotional Engagement and Positive Outcomes......Page 104
5.2.1 City Diplomacy and City Branding......Page 105
5.2.2 Negative Emotional Engagement......Page 107
5.2.3 Negative and Positive Behavioral Outcomes: Adapting Strategy, Call for Action and Utility of Having an Enemy......Page 109
5.2.4 International Role and City Network, City and Mayor Branding as a Positive Intangible Outcome......Page 111
5.3 Case Study: The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group......Page 113
5.4 Method......Page 115
5.5.1 Insights from Content Analyses......Page 118
5.5.2 Results from Sentiment Analysis......Page 120
5.6 Discussions......Page 121
5.7 Conclusions, Implications and Future Research......Page 122
References......Page 124
6.1 Introduction......Page 130
6.2 “Hard” Assets as Infrastructure of City Diplomacy: From Unique Artifacts to “Signature” Architecture......Page 134
6.3 Generating “Soft Power”: Museums as Hubs of International Engagements......Page 141
6.4 Conclusions......Page 149
References......Page 150
7.1 Introduction......Page 156
7.2 Un-nation Branding: The Soft Power Symbolism of Cities......Page 158
7.2.1 Brand Israel......Page 162
7.2.2 Un-nation Branding......Page 163
7.3 ‘Two Cities. One Break’: Un-nation Branding Israel......Page 165
7.3.1 Visual Representations and ‘Two Cities. One Break’......Page 168
7.4 Conclusions......Page 172
References......Page 175
8.1 Introduction......Page 180
8.2 International Summits and Meetings as a Platform for City Diplomacy......Page 183
8.3 Methods......Page 186
8.4 Results......Page 187
8.4.1 Tweets That Mention Summit Host City Buenos Aires......Page 190
8.4.2 Tweets That Mention Cities Other Than the Host......Page 194
8.4.3 Tweets That Reveal How ‘City Diplomacy’ Is Talked About......Page 195
8.5 Discussion......Page 198
8.6 Conclusions......Page 200
References......Page 201
Section III: City Diplomacy Across Governance Levels......Page 205
9.1 Introduction......Page 206
9.1.1 City as a Subject of Analysis in International Relations......Page 207
9.1.2 The City as an International Actor......Page 208
9.1.3 From City Diplomacy to Influence the International Environment......Page 209
9.2.2 Dimensions and Variables......Page 211
9.2.3 Types......Page 212
9.3 Types of Insertion of a City in the International Setting......Page 213
9.3.1 External Projection......Page 214
9.3.2 International Presence......Page 216
9.3.3 Territorial Attractiveness......Page 218
9.3.4 Global Recognition......Page 221
9.4 Conclusions......Page 224
References......Page 225
10.1 Introduction......Page 232
10.1.1 Research Approach......Page 234
10.2.1 Classical Diplomatic Roles Reinvented By EU Mayors......Page 235
10.2.2 EU Cooperation Projects......Page 238
10.2.3 EU-Led Campaigns......Page 239
10.2.4 City Networks as Facilitators of City Diplomacy......Page 240
10.3 Are EU Cities Playing Tennis or Chess? Strategies for Enhancing City Diplomacy......Page 241
10.3.1 The Bywatcher Scenario......Page 242
10.3.2 The Silent Silo Scenario......Page 243
10.3.3 The Strategist Scenario......Page 244
10.4 Conclusions......Page 245
References......Page 247
11.1 Introduction......Page 252
11.2 Introducing US MOIA Through Organizational Theory......Page 255
11.3 The Precarious Value of City Diplomacy......Page 258
11.4 Policy Implications......Page 259
11.4.1 Have an Institutional Leader During Incubation and Maturation......Page 260
11.4.2 Strategically Identify Functions and Programs......Page 261
11.4.3 Build and Maintain External and Internal Constituencies......Page 262
11.4.4 Ensure Competence and Commitment of the Operators......Page 264
11.5 Conclusions......Page 266
References......Page 267
Section IV: Case Studies......Page 269
12.1 Introduction......Page 270
12.2 Track Two Diplomacy......Page 272
12.3 Why Singapore?......Page 277
12.3.1 Pragmatic Neutrality Pays......Page 281
12.3.2 The Branding of Singapore......Page 284
12.4 Conclusions......Page 287
References......Page 289
13.1 Introduction......Page 293
13.2.1 Paradiplomacy......Page 295
13.2.2 City Branding......Page 296
13.3.1 Objective and Focus of the Empirical Research......Page 298
13.4 Strategies of City Diplomacy in the City of Medellín......Page 299
13.4.1 Overview......Page 300
Development Plan 2004–2007: “Medellín, Compromiso de Toda la Ciudadanía” (“Medellín, commitment of the whole population”) – Sergio Fajardo Valderrama......Page 303
Development Plan 2008–2011: “Medellín es Solidaria y Competitiva” (“Medellín is solidary and competitive”) – Alonso Salazar Jaramillo......Page 305
Development Plan 2012–2015: “Un hogar para la vida” (“A home for life”) – Anibal Gaviria Correa......Page 306
Development Plan 2016–2019: “Medellín cuenta con vos” (“Medellín counts on you”) – Federico Gutiérrez Zuluaga......Page 307
13.5.1 Report 2004–2007: “Medellín, Compromiso de Toda la Ciudadanía” (“Medellín, commitment of the whole population”) – Sergio Fajardo Valderrama......Page 308
13.5.2 Report 2008–2011: “Medellín es Solidaria y Competitiva” (“Medellín is solidary and competitive”) – Alonso Salazar Jaramillo......Page 310
13.5.3 Report 2012–2015: “Un hogar para la vida” (“A home for life”) – Anibal Gaviria Correa......Page 311
13.5.4 Report 2016–2019: “Medellín cuenta con vos” (“Medellín counts on you”) – Federico Gutiérrez Zuluaga......Page 312
13.6 Conclusions......Page 313
References......Page 314
14.1 Introduction......Page 318
14.2 Contemporary Trends and Debates on City Diplomacy......Page 320
14.3 Application of Analytical Framework: The Case of the Baltics......Page 323
14.4 Methodology......Page 325
14.5.1 Survey of Experts......Page 329
14.5.2 Statistical Analysis......Page 332
14.6 Discussions and Conclusions......Page 338
References......Page 340
15.1 Introduction......Page 344
15.2 History, Geography, Identity, and Administration......Page 347
15.3 Internationalization at the Grassroots Level During the 1970s–1980s......Page 349
15.4 Twin Cities and Regional Organizations Around the Baltic Sea and Beyond......Page 351
15.5 Turku’s Plans for International Contacts in the Immediate Post-Cold War......Page 354
15.6 Institutional Changes and Continuity......Page 357
15.7 Turku as an Interface Between the EU and the Baltic Sea Region......Page 359
15.8 Turku was the European Cap of culture in 2011......Page 361
15.9 Conclusions: Local Incentives, Ad Hoc Decision-Making, and Limited Agency......Page 363
References......Page 366
Interviews......Page 370
Archives......Page 371
Index......Page 372