Cities of the World: Regional Patterns and Urban Environments

Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
1 World Urban Development
	Jessica K. Graybill, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, and Donald J. Zeigler
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	The World Urban System: Prospects until 2050
	World Urbanization: Past Trends
		Early Urbanization: Antiquity to Fifth Century CE
		The Middle Period: Fifth to Seventeenth Century CE
		Industrial and Postindustrial Urbanization: Eighteenth Century to the Present
	City Functions and Urban Economies
		City Functions
		Sectors of the Urban Economy
		Basic and Nonbasic Economic Activities
	Theories on the Spatial Structure of Cities
		The Concentric Zone Model
		The Sector Model
		The Multiple Nuclei Model
		The Inverse Concentric Zone Model
	Urban Challenges
		Managing the Environment and Climate Change
		Managing Population Size and Growth
		Managing Urban Services
		Managing Slums and Squatter Settlements
		Managing Society
		Managing Unemployment
		Managing Racial and Ethnic Issues
		Managing Privacy
		Managing Modernization and Globalization
		Managing Traffic
		Managing Urban Governance
	Concepts, Terms, and Definitions
		Capital City
		City
		Colonial City
		Conurbation
		Galactic Metropolis
		Hyperurbanization
		Industrial City
		Megacity
		Megalopolis
		Metacity
		Metropolis and Metropolitan Area
		New Town
		Preindustrial City
		Postindustrial City
		Primate City
		Rank-Size Rule
		Site and Situation
		Socialist and Postsocialist City
		Suburbia
		Sustainable City
		Urbanism
		Urbanization
		Urban Agglomeration
		Urban Area
		Urban Place
		Urban: Landscape
		World City
	Suggested Resources
2 Cities of the United States and Canada
	Nathaniel M. Lewis and Kai Kenttamaa-Squires
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Historical Overview
		The Era of Colonial Mercantilism: 1700–1840
		The Era of Industrial Capitalism: 1840–1970
		The Era of Postindustrial Capitalism: 1975–Present
	Models of Urban Structure
	Distinctive Cities
		New York City: America’s Global Metropolis
		Los Angeles: Outward Glitz, Inner Turmoil
		Montreal: Moving Uphill from Upheaval
		Ottawa: A Capital of Compromise
		Washington, DC: A New Immigrant Gateway
		Miami: Window on the Caribbean
	Urban Problems and Prospects
		Globalization and the Urban Hierarchy
		Globalization and Localization
		Immigration and Increasing Diversity
		Women in the City
		Urban LGBTQ Communities
		Security and Urban Fortification
		Rebuilding and Memorialization
	Urban Environmental Issues
		Water
			Water Supply
			Water Quality
		Air Pollution
		Climate Change
	Conclusion
	Suggested Resources
3 Cities of Middle America
	Rebecca Clouser, Yadira Méndez-Lemus, and John C. Finn
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Historical Evolution of Urban Development
		Mexico
		Central America
		The Caribbean
	Attempts to Model Middle American Cities
		Laws of the Indies
		The Griffin-Ford Model
		The Borsdorf, Bähr, and Janoschka Model
	Contemporary Urban Systems
		Urban Hierarchy
		Transnational Urbanization
			Economic Integration
			International Migration
			Tourism
	Distinctive Cities
		Mexico City: A Palimpsest Reflecting Four Centuries of History
		Oaxaca: Cultural Heritage and Tourism
		Panama City: Crossroads of the World
		Havana: The Key to the Indies
		Port-au-Prince: City of Survivors
	Urban Trends, Challenges, and Prospects
		Urban Economy
		Socio-Natural Hazards and Disasters
		Security and Violence
	Conclusion
	Suggested Resources
4 Cities of South America
	Brian J. Godfrey, Maureen Hays-Mitchell, and Risa Whitson
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Urban Patterns and Trends in South America
	Critical Issues
		Urban Primacy, Regional Migration, and Uneven Development
		Socioeconomic Polarization, Spatial Segregation, and Informal Urbanization
		Economic Restructuring, Structural Adjustment, and Social Movements
		Environmental Change, Infrastructural Decline, and Sustainability Planning
	Historical Perspectives on South American Cities
		Pre-Columbian Urbanism
		Colonial Cities: Spanish versus Portuguese America
		Neocolonial Urbanization: Political Independence, Economic Dependence
		The Twentieth Century: The Urban Century
		The Twenty-First Century: New Directions?
	Urban Spatial Models
	Distinctive Cities
		Brazilian Urbanism: The Planned Capital and the Regional Megalopolis
		Rio de Janeiro: The “Wonderful City” and its Discontents
		São Paulo: A Global City with Growing Pains
		Lima: Hyperurbanization and Climate Change in Andean America
		Buenos Aires: Global City of the Southern Cone
	Urban Challenges and Prospects
		The Urban Economy and Social Justice
		Defensive Urbanism and Self-Help Housing
		Spatial Segregation, Land Use, and Environmental Injustices
	Prospects for the Future
	Suggested Resources
5 Cities of Europe
	Linda McCarthy, Joseph Brady, and Niamh Moore-Cherry
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Historical Perspectives on Urban Development
		Classical Period: 800 BCE–450 CE
		Medieval Period: 450–1300 CE
		Renaissance and Baroque Periods: 1300–1760 CE
		Industrial Period: 1760–1945 CE
		Post–World War II Period
	Globalization, Urban Policy, and Planning
		European and Global Linkages
		Urban Policy and Planning
	Changing Urban Structure and Functions
		High Density and Compact Form
		Town Squares and Historic Street Patterns
		Bustling City Centers
		Major Landmarks
		Neighborhood Stability and Change
		Suburbanization
		Housing
	Urban Models
		The Core-Periphery Model
		The Northwestern European City Model
		The Mediterranean City Model
	Distinctive Cities
		London: Europe’s Premier Global City
		Paris: France’s Primate City Par Excellence
		Barcelona: Capital of Catalunya
		Oslo: Low-Key Capital of Norway
		Berlin: The Past Always Present in Germany’s Capital
		Bucharest: New Little Paris of the East?
	Urban Trends, Challenges, and Prospects
	Suggested Resources
6 Cities of Russia and Central Asia
	Jessica K. Graybill, Megan L. Dixon, and Elena Trubina
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Historical Evolution of the Urban System
		The Pre-Soviet Period: Birth of the Urban System
		The Soviet Period: New Urban Patterns
		Urban and Regional Planning in the Soviet Period
		The Urban Environment in the Soviet Period
		Late Soviet Period: The Beginning of Change
	Contemporary Russia: Reconfiguring the Urban System
		Political Urban Transformation
		Changing Urban Structure and Function
		Sociocultural Urban Transformation
		Twenty-First Century Environmental Concerns
	Distinctive Cities
		Moscow: Russia’s Past Meets Russia’s Future
		Kazan: Volga Port in Tatarstan
		Yekaterinburg: Home of Industry and Activism
		Ashgabat: City of Love
		Bishkek: Dynamic Regional Trade Hub
		Nur-Sultan: Illuminating Kazakhstan’s Future
	Prospects for the Future
	Suggested Resources
7 Cities of the Middle East and North Africa
	Zia Salim and Donald J. Zeigler
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Historical Evolution
	Urban Structures: Models and Transects
		Urban Transects
		Arab Cities on the Gulf
	Contemporary Urban Patterns
		National Urban Systems
		The Urban Triangle
	Urban Landscapes: Form and Function
	Distinctive Cities
		Cairo: African Anchor of the Urban Triangle
		Istanbul: European Anchor of the Urban Triangle
		Tehran: Asian Anchor of the Urban Triangle
		Jerusalem: City of Three Faiths
		Mecca: City of the Hajj
		Dubai: Gulf Showplace
	Urban Trends, Challenges, and Prospects
		Water: Liquid Gold
		Climate Change: Multidimensional Vulnerability
		Migration: Human Flows
		Housing: Socioeconomic Polarization
	Conclusion
	Suggested Resources
8 Cities of Sub-Saharan Africa
	Garth A. Myers, Francis Owusu, and Angela Gray Subulwa
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	African Urbanization
	Historical Geography of Urban Development
		Ancient and Medieval Precolonial Urban Centers
		Urban Development after 1500
		African Urbanization in the Era of Formal Colonial Rule
		Postcolonial Urbanization
		Current Urbanization Trends
	Distinctive Cities
		Kinshasa: The Invisible City
		Accra: African Neoliberal City?
		Lagos: Largest Megacity of SSA
		Nairobi: Urban Legacies of Colonialism
		Dakar: Senegal’s City of Contradictions
		Johannesburg: A Multicentered City of Gold
	Urban Challenges
		Urban Environmental Issues and Climate Change
		Primate Cities
		Rural-to-Urban Migration
	Prospects for the Future
	Suggested Resources
9 Cities of South Asia
	Ashok K. Dutt, George Pomeroy, Vandana Wadhwa, and Ishrat Islam
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Urban Patterns at the Regional Scale
	Historical Perspectives on Urban Development
		Indus Valley Era
		Aryan Hindu Impact
		Dravidian Temple Cities
		Muslim Impact
		Colonial Period
		The Presidency Towns
	Models of Urban Structure
		The Colonial-Based City Model
		The Bazaar-Based City Model
		Planned Cities
		Mixtures of Colonial and Bazaar Models
	Distinctive Cities
		Mumbai: India’s Cultural and Economic Capital
		Bengalu-ru and Hyderabad: India’s Economic Frontier
		Delhi: Who Controls Delhi Controls India
		Kolkata: Premier Presidency Town
		Karachi: Port and Former Capital
		Dhaka: Capital, Port, and Primate City
		Kabul, Kathmandu, Colombo: Cities on the Edge
	Globalization, City Marketing, and Urban Violence
	Urban Challenges
	Suggested Resources
10 Cities of Southeast Asia
	James Tyner and Arnisson Andre Ortega
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Historical Geography of Urban Development
		Precolonial Patterns of Urbanization
		Urbanization in Colonial Southeast Asia
	Recent Urbanization Trends
		Explaining Urban Growth
		Globalization, Urbanization, and the Middle Class
	Models of Urban Structure
	Distinctive Cities
		Singapore: World City of Southeast Asia
		Kuala Lumpur: Twin Towers and Cyberspace
		Jakarta: Megacity of Indonesia
		Manila: Primate City of the Philippines
		Bangkok: The Los Angeles of the Tropics
		Phnom Penh, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi: Socialist Cities in Transition
	Urban Challenges
	Prospects for the Future
	Suggested Resources
11 Cities of East Asia
	Piper Gaubatz and David W. Edgington
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	The Historical Development of East Asian Cities
		The Chinese Model and Traditional East Asian Urbanism
		Premodern Japanese Cities
		Foreign Influences on East Asian Cities during the Colonial Era
	Internal Structure of East Asian Cities
		China’s Experiments in Urban Transformation: 1949–1979 and 1979–Present
		Japan’s Urban Modernization: From Castle Towns to Creative Cities
	Distinctive Cities
		Beijing: Remaking the Ancient Capital
		Shanghai: From Treaty Port to Modern Metropolis
		Hong Kong: From British Colony to Chinese Special Administrative Region
		Tokyo: A Postindustrial Global City Region
		Osaka: From “Manchester of the Orient” to Expo 2025
		Seoul: The “Phoenix” of Primate Cities
		Pyongyang: North Korea’s Grand Socialist Capital
	Urban Problems and Their Solutions
		Climate Change and the Environment
		Contrasting Migration Challenges in China and Japan
		The High Price of Rapid Urban Development
	Prospects for the Future
	Suggested Resources
12 Cities of Australia and the Pacific Islands
	Robyn Dowling and Pauline McGuirk
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Historical Foundations of Urbanism
	Contemporary Urban Patterns and Processes
		Australia
		Aotearoa/New Zealand
		The Pacific Islands
	Distinctive Cities
		Sydney: Australia’s Premier World City
		Perth: Splendid Isolation
		Gold Coast: Tourism Urbanization
		Auckland: Hub of Aotearoa/New Zealand
		Port Moresby and Suva: Island Capitals
	Trends and Challenges
	Suggested Resources
13 Cities of the Future
	John Rennie Short
	Key Urban Facts
	Key Chapter Themes
	Five Urban Imaginaries
	The Global City
		The Image of the Global City
		The Global City as Cosmopolitan City
	The Neoliberal City
		Displacements in the Neoliberal City
		The Neoliberal City in a Time of Economic Dislocation
	The Green City
		Greening the Urban Imagination
		The City in a Time of Climate Change
	The Securitized City
		Securing the City in an Age of Disorder
		Order in the Securitized City
	The Utopian City
	Conclusion
	Suggested Resources
Appendix
Cover Photo Credits
Geographical Index
Subject Index
About the Editors and Contributors