Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Models

Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico:Observations and Models......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
Introduction to Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico......Page 8
Overview......Page 9
The Inner Edge of the Deep Water and the Outer Edge ofthe Coastal Circulation......Page 12
COASTAL CIRCULATION......Page 14
CONCLUDING THOUGHTS......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 17
INTRODUCTION......Page 18
I. THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE GULF OF MEXICO, ALONG WITH A CONSIDERATION OF UPSTREAM CONDITIONS......Page 19
II. COASTAL CIRCULATIONS, INCLUDING THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH FLOW PATTERNS IN THE DEEP GOM......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 32
1. BACKGROUND: OBSERVATIONS......Page 37
2. LOOP CURRENT, EDDY SHEDDING, EDDIES & RELATED CURRENTS......Page 41
3. SUMMARY......Page 55
4. FUTURE CHALLENGES......Page 56
APPENDIX 1: USEFUL WEBSITES FOR DATA, MODELS AND RESEARCH......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 58
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 63
2. THE STUDY AREA......Page 64
3. A SUMMARY OF CANEK OBSERVATIONS......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 74
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 76
2. METHODS......Page 78
3. RESULTS......Page 80
4. DISCUSSION......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 89
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 91
2. OCEAN COLOR......Page 92
3. THE DATA ASSIMILATIVE OCEAN MODELS......Page 93
4. COMPARISON TO OCEAN COLOR......Page 94
5. DISCUSSION......Page 99
6. CONCLUSION......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
INTRODUCTION......Page 105
DATA AND METHODS......Page 106
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 113
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 115
2. ANALYSIS OF EAST AND GULF COAST RELATIVE SEA LEVEL TRENDS.......Page 117
3. LOW-FREQUENCY VARIATIONS OF RELATIVE SEA LEVEL.......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 124
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 126
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 128
3. SLOPE CIRCULATION PATTERNS FROM HYDROGRAPHY......Page 130
4. LONG PERIOD EVENTS......Page 134
5. LONG PERIOD VARIABILITY......Page 138
6. DIVERGENCE AND RELATIVE VORTICITY......Page 140
7. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
INTRODUCTION......Page 146
DATA......Page 147
MEANS AND VARIABILITY OF THE CURRENTS......Page 149
SPATIAL CORRALATIONS OF THE CURRENTS IN THE LTCC......Page 150
VELOCITY CEOFS......Page 152
A WIND-DRIVEN MODEL......Page 153
CROSS-SECTIONAL TRANSPORT......Page 156
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 160
Barotropic Tides in the Gulf of Mexico......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 165
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 166
2. FORWARD MODEL......Page 167
3. 1993-2001 HINDCAST......Page 171
4. EXTENSION TO THE CARIBBEAN SEA: NOWCAST/FORECASTS......Page 173
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 180
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 182
2. DATA AND METHODS......Page 183
3. RESULTS......Page 187
4. DISCUSSION......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 201
INTRODUCTION......Page 203
FORCING OF THE GULF OF MEXICO......Page 204
LOCAL FORCING AND OBSERVATIONS OF SHELF CIRCULATION......Page 205
MODELING THE SHELF CIRCULATION......Page 207
SALINITY CLIMATOLOGY......Page 209
CROSS-SHELF EXCHANGE......Page 212
CONCLUSIONS......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 219
2. MEAN CIRCULATION FROM LATEX OBSERVATIONS......Page 221
3. QUASI-ANNUAL, SEASONAL VARIABILITY......Page 224
4. MESOSCALE AND WEATHER-BANDVARIABILITY; KINETIC ENERGY INVENTORY......Page 229
5. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS......Page 238
REFERENCES......Page 239
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND......Page 241
OBSERVATIONS OF CYCLONES AND WESTWARD PROPAGATION IN THE SHEDDING OFANTICYCLONIC EDDIES BY THE LOOP CURRENT......Page 246
DISCUSSION......Page 254
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 260
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND......Page 262
2. METHODS......Page 263
3. DEEP INFLOWS......Page 266
4. PROPERTIES ON DEEPER SURFACES......Page 269
5. THREE CAVEATS......Page 271
6. TRACING THE DEEP FLOW......Page 272
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 277
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 278
2. HYDROGRAPHIC EVIDENCE......Page 280
3. LAGRANGIAN CURRENT EVIDENCE......Page 283
4. SATELLITE ALTIMETER EVIDENCE......Page 284
5. DISCUSSION......Page 287
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 293
2. METHODOLOGY......Page 295
3. RESULTS......Page 296
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 310
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 312
2. DATA AND DEEP DRIFT ESTIMATES......Page 314
3. RESULTS......Page 315
4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 320
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 322
2. BACKGROUND......Page 324
3. SYNOPTIC VARIABILITY......Page 326
4. SEASONAL VARIABILITY......Page 334
5. INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY......Page 337
6. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 342