Circular Economy and Sustainability: Volume 1: Management and Policy

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Circular Economy and Sustainability, Volume 1: Management and Policy
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: A review of circular economy literature through a threefold level framework and engineering-management approach
	1. Introduction
	2. Theoretical background
	3. Methodology
		3.1. Research structure
		3.2. Research questions
		3.3. Data selection processes
		3.4. Data analysis techniques
	4. Results
	5. Conclusion and discussion
	References
Chapter 2: Steering the circular economy: A new role for Adam Smith's invisible hand
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Defining economics
		1.2. The circular economy
		1.3. What do we mean by sustainability?
	2. Weak and strong sustainability
	3. Systems theory
	4. The tripartite invisible embrace
	5. The Ogiek people and the honey economy
	6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: A systems thinking perspective for the circular economy
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Systems thinking overview
	2. Structure as a driver of behavior
		2.1. System structure applied to the circular economy
			2.1.1. Macro-level
			2.1.2. Micro-level
	3. System characteristics
		3.1. Background
		3.2. Circular economy system characteristics
			3.2.1. Hierarchy
			3.2.2. Resilience
			3.2.3. Self-organization
	4. Leverage points
		4.1. Background
			4.1.1. Elements
			4.1.2. Relationships
			4.1.3. Structure
			4.1.4. Purpose
		4.2. Leverage points for increased circularity
			4.2.1. Elements
			4.2.2. Relationships
			4.2.3. Structure
			4.2.4. Purpose
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Conceptualizing the circular bioeconomy
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Methodology
	2. Circular bioeconomies
		2.1. Examples of the circular bioeconomy
		2.2. Circular economies in Canada's forest sector
		2.3. Forests, forest products, and the carbon cycle
	3. Benefits of a circular bioeconomy
	4. Barriers to the circular bioeconomy
	5. Ways forward
	References
Chapter 5: Circular economy and financial performances of European SMEs
	1. Introduction
	2. Literature review
	3. Methodology
	4. Results and discussions
	5. Conclusions
	A. Appendix 1
	B. Appendix 2
	References
Chapter 6: History and evolution of the circular economy and circular economy business models
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. Circular economy: History, evolution, and definition
		3.1. Pre-1990s
		3.2. 1990-2010
		3.3. 2010-present and onwards
	4. Circular business model (CBM)
		4.1. Holistic circular business model canvas-An integration of circular business model canvases
		4.2. ReSOLVE framework
		4.3. Hybrid forms
	5. Future research agenda/conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: A triple-level framework to evaluate the level of involvement of firms in the circular economy (CE)
	1. Introduction
	2. Theoretical background
	3. Research methodological framework
		3.1. Questionnaire development
		3.2. Assessment of CE strategies
	4. Questionnaire survey
		4.1. Sample selection
		4.2. Results and analysis
	5. Conclusion and discussion
	A. Appendix 1
	References
Chapter 8: Exploring resource-service systems-Beyond product-service systems and toward configu
	1. Introduction
	2. The resource-service system literature and its limitations
		2.1. RSS concepts and their role in a circular economy
		2.2. Limitation (a): RSS literature does not engage sufficiently with circular strategies, waste, and resources
		2.3. Limitation (b): RSS literature does not allow for systematically exploring and understanding the necessary circular  ...
	3. Research design
		3.1. Analytical framework (1) Resource States
		3.2. Analytical framework (2) the Big Five structural wastes
		3.3. Exploratory case selection: RSS potential in the automotive industry
	4. Results-Analysis of Riversimple-A car-as-a-service company
		4.1. The pillars of the Riversimple model
		4.2. Product-service system
		4.3. Component and material-service systems
		4.4. Aligning interests across value chains and actor interfaces
	5. Discussion and conclusion-Resource-service systems
	References
Chapter 9: Complementing circular economy with life cycle assessment: Deeper understanding of economic, social, and envir ...
	1. Introduction
	2. LCA: A holistic approach
		2.1. ISO standards for LCA
		2.2. Stages in LCA
			2.2.1. Goal and scope definition
			2.2.2. Life cycle inventory (LCI)
			2.2.3. LCIA
				2.2.3.1. Global warming
				2.2.3.2. Ozone depletion
				2.2.3.3. Acidification
				2.2.3.4. Toxicity
			2.2.4. Interpretation
	3. LCA in CE
		3.1. Environmental sustainability and CE
		3.2. Implementation of LCA
	4. CE and LCA: Case studies
		4.1. Case study 1: Beverage packing sector
		4.2. Case study 2: Bulk waste management
		4.3. Case study 3: Construction and demolition waste
		4.4. Case study 4: Tire end-of-life management
		4.5. Case 5: Second-hand use of laptop computers
	5. Summary
	References
Chapter 10: Life cycle costing as a way to include economic sustainability in the circular economy. New perspectives from ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Literature review
		2.1. CE and impact assessment
		2.2. LCC
	3. Methodological framework
	4. The aggregate LCC calculation model
		4.1. Conventional LCC
		4.2. Environmental LCC
	5. Interpretation and discussion of the results
	6. Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	Funding
	References
Chapter 11: Circular economy during project life cycle
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. CE in construction/built environment
		3.1. Principles of the CE at micro, meso, and macro levels
		3.2. Principles of the CE at buildings and materials levels
			3.2.1. Reduce demand for buildings and/or materials
			3.2.2. Circular design of buildings
			3.2.3. Circular business models
		3.3. Interaction between CE principles and construction stages
	4. Conclusions and discussion
	References
Chapter 12: The role of ecodesign in the circular economy
	1. Introduction
	2. Ecodesign
		2.1. Design for assembly/design for disassembly (DfA/DfD)
		2.2. Design for maintainability (DfM)
		2.3. Design for repair
		2.4. Design for remanufacture
		2.5. Design for recycling and design for composting
			2.5.1. Design for recycling
				2.5.1.1. Recyclability of plastics
				2.5.1.2. Design for recycling guidelines
			2.5.2. Design for composting
				2.5.2.1. Theoretical compostability of materials
				2.5.2.2. Collecting, sorting, and composting facilities
				2.5.2.3. Design for composting guidelines
		2.6. Design for sustainable behavior
		2.7. Design for the sharing economy
	3. Ecodesign tools
		3.1. LiDS-wheel
		3.2. Eco-Star
		3.3. Ecodesign checklist
		3.4. Conclusions on ecodesign tools
	4. The role of the designer in the value chain
	5. Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Chapter 13: Sustainable finance and circular economy
	1. Introduction
	2. Sustainable finance and circular economy policies
	3. The environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk and the circular risk
	4. Sustainable finance and circular economy for a sustainable capital market
	5. Results and discussion
	6. Conclusion
	Conflicts of Interest
	References
Chapter 14: How to advance sustainable and circular economy-oriented public procurement-A review of the oper
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Research approach and previous research
		1.2. Sustainable and circular economy-oriented public procurement
		1.3. Development in Finland
	2. Aims of the study
	3. Material and methods
	4. Results
	5. Discussion
	6. Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 15: A framework to integrate circular economy principles into public procurement
	1. Introduction
	2. Theoretical underpinnings
	3. Methodology
		3.1. The objective of the methodological framework
		3.2. Selection of CE principles
		3.3. Measurement system
	4. Computational examples and results
	5. Conclusion and discussion
	References
Chapter 16: The role of public policy in the promotion of sustainability by means of corporate social responsibility: The ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Literature review
		2.1. Corporate social responsibility
		2.2. The relationship between CSR and CFP
			2.2.1. Positive association between CSR and CFP
			2.2.2. Negative association between CSR and CFP
			2.2.3. Null association between CSR and CFP
		2.3. Country of origin effect on CSR
	3. Methodology
	4. Econometric estimations
	5. Conclusions and policy recommendations
	References
Chapter 17: Awareness-led social lab on circular economy in Switzerland: Exploring serendipity
	1. Introduction
	2. Beyond Waste: Circular Resources Lab 2018
		2.1. Our social lab journey
		2.2. Kick-off workshop
		2.3. Practical workshop
		2.4. Midterm retreat
		2.5. Technical workshop
		2.6. Demo day
		2.7. Feed forward
	3. The serendipitous learnings from the experience of our cohosting team
		3.1. Governance (Orchestration) based on respect and trust
		3.2. Mindfulness and meditation
		3.3. Serendipity in the evolution of prototypes
		3.4. Circular human incubator
		3.5. Atelier des Futurs
		3.6. Circular academy for construction (CA4C)
		3.7. Magic mushrooms: Exploring the potential of the spent mushroom substrate
	4. Selection of the serendipitous insights from the lab cohort members
		4.1.1. Personal development and new skills
		4.1.2. Community building and network ecosystem
		4.1.3. Deeper understanding of circular economy and the awareness-based practices
		4.1.4. Taking action on circular economy and environment
		4.2. Suggestions for the further iterations of social labs/spaces
	5. Discussion
		5.1. ``Rethinking´´ success
		5.2. New evaluation frameworks
		5.3. Ecosystem facilitation
		5.4. Ecosystem self-orchestration
		5.5. Awareness-led social space formats
		Acknowledgments (Financial support)
	References
Chapter 18: How circular design at signify brings economic, environmental, and social value
	1. Introduction
	2. Sustainable design for brighter lives and a better world
	3. Sustainable innovation at the front-end
	4. Circular lighting solutions to address global challenges
		4.1. Circular lighting examples
			4.1.1. Circular components upgraded with new D4i standard
			4.1.2. Signify takes circularity to the streets
			4.1.3. Circular lighting solution in the Kortrijk Public Library, Belgium
		4.2. Lighting innovations beyond illumination
	5. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 19: Circular economy and urbanism: A sustainable approach to the growth of cities
	1. The city as a 21st century sustainability challenge
	2. Structure and methodology
	3. The sustainable urban growth approach
	4. Circular economy as an influential concept and useful system
	5. Defining a new paradigm for sustainable urban planning
		5.1. Descriptive mapping
	6. Spherical city: A framework for urban circular economy
		6.1. The spherical city concept
	7. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 20: Overview: The smart sustainable city initiatives and the circular economy
	1. Introduction
	2. Smart city and smart sustainable city
	3. Circular economy
	4. Use case of technology in a smart sustainable city
		4.1. Smart water and waste-water management
		4.2. Smart waste management
		4.3. Smart energy management
	5. Concluding remarks
	References
Chapter 21: Transitioning into circular food consumption practices: An analytical framework
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Circular food consumption practice, subpractices and dimensions
		1.2. CE strategies to operate on material loops
		1.3. Ease of transition
	2. The CFCP framework
	3. Discussion
	4. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 22: From linear economy legacies to circular economy resources: Maximising the multifaceted values of legacy mine ...
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Mining and the Anthropocene
		1.2. Lessons from history?
	2. Methods
	3. Review and discussion
		3.1. Abiotic material benefits: Minerals, metals, and materials
		3.2. Provisioning services: Energy
		3.3. Regulating services
			3.3.1. Carbon
		3.4. Underpinning and cultural services
			3.4.1. Biodiversity
			3.4.2. Culture, recreation, and leisure
			3.4.3. Science
	4. Conclusions-A way forward
	References
Chapter 23: ``Closing two loops´´-The importance of energy recovery in the ``closing the loop´´&spi1
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Legislative framework
		1.2. The connection between problems
		1.3. Approach to the problem
	2. Methodology
	3. Results and discussion
		3.1. Sustainability analysis-Primary energy recovery analysis
		3.2. Closing the loop analysis-Analysis of the reduction in embodied energy
	4. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 24: Investigation of the sustainable waste transportation in urban and rural municipalities-Key environmental pa
	1. Introduction and literature review
	2. Waste categories and waste treatment in the European Union
	3. The main indicators of solid waste stream in Poland
	4. Schedules and types of waste collection in municipalities
	5. Waste collections in urban and rural municipalities in Poland
	6. Supporting waste collections by artificial intelligence algorithms-A case study for municipalities in the Silesian reg ...
	7. Discussion and conclusions
	References
Chapter 25: New age zero waste sustainable apparel industry: Design practices, innovative approaches, and technological i ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Features and ecological challenges in the apparel industry
	3. Sustainable apparel design, production, and consumption
	4. Ethical and consumption-based concerns of sustainable apparel
	5. Zero waste design practices in apparel design
		5.1. Zero waste apparel design: Historical and contemporary
		5.2. Basic zero waste design approaches through pattern making
		5.3. Zero waste design approaches through creative pattern making
		5.4. Zero waste apparel design: Fabric production
			5.4.1. Fully fashioned knitted fabrics
			5.4.2. Seamless knitting
			5.4.3. Nonwoven fabrics
			5.4.4. Woven fabrics
		5.5. Technological intervention: 3D printed apparel
	References
Chapter 26: A conceptual and empirical study into the process and emerging patterns enabling the transition to a circular ...
	1. Introduction: Circular economy from a transitional perspective
	2. Understanding transitional processes by applying a multiphase approach
		2.1. Taking a multiphase approach to transitions
		2.2. Conclusions from our literature review
	3. Circular economy of Dutch dairy in a transitional perspective
		3.1. Methodology and data sources
		3.2. Results of the case study of Dutch dairy
			3.2.1. 1945-1957 Never hunger again
			3.2.2. 1958-1971 The roll out
			3.2.3. 1972-2014 Continued growth
			3.2.4. 2015-2019 In turmoil
			3.2.5. Results from the interviews
		3.3. Case analysis
			3.3.1. Predevelopment and take-off phase: 1945-1957
			3.3.2. Acceleration phase: 1958-1971
			3.3.3. Stabilization phase: 1972-2014
			3.3.4. Destabilization: 2015-2019
	4. Conclusions and discussion
		4.1. Practical implications
		4.2. Theoretical implications
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 27: The contemporary research on circular economy in industry
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodological procedures
	3. Results and discussion
		3.1. Business management
		3.2. Resources management
			3.2.1. Waste management
	4. General considerations
	References
Chapter 28: The role of collaborative leadership in the circular economy
	1. Introduction
	2. Theoretical framing of the challenges of circular economy
	3. The importance of leadership in circular economy
	4. The key factor to success in circular economy: Collaborative leadership
	5. Discussion
	6. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 29: Issues, interventions, and innovations in the cement industry: A comparative trajectory analysis of eco-cemen ...
	JEL
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials and methods
		2.1. Theoretical background for a co-evolutionary analysis of transitions
		2.2. Case selection, data, and method
	3. Analysis and discussions
		3.1. Issues
			3.1.1. Traditional cement in China, the Netherlands, and Japan
			3.1.2. Issues related to eco-cement in Japan, the Netherlands, and China
		3.2. Interventions in China, Japan, and the Netherlands
		3.3. Innovations in the Netherlands, China, and Japan
	4. Concluding remarks and future research directions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 30: The potential for a circular economy in the nonroad mobile machinery industry-The case of Linde Material Han
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Key principles of circular economy
	2. Methodology
	3. Results
		3.1. Circular business models-A literature review
			3.1.1. Product-service-system
			3.1.2. Product life extension and after-sales services
			3.1.3. Resource recovery and reverse logistics
		3.2. Business model at LMH
		3.3. Business opportunities and challenges
		3.4. Environmental aspects in literature review
		3.5. Environmental aspects at LMH
		3.6. Environmental opportunities and challenges
		3.7. Technological aspects in literature
		3.8. Technological aspects at LMH
		3.9. Technological opportunities and challenges
	4. Discussion and recommendations
		4.1. Research scope
		4.2. Research methodology
		4.3. Results
		4.4. Recommendations
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 31: VALUABLE-Transition of automotive supply chain to the circular economy
	1. Introduction
	2. A cleaner future-A waste and resource challenge
		2.1. A solution for sustainable transport-A challenge of battery waste
		2.2. An increased demand for batteries-A critical raw materials resource challenge
		2.3. VALUABLE industrial advisory board and the UK battery value chain
	3. Why a circular economy?
		3.1. Environmental drivers-Sustainable future power
		3.2. Social drivers-Regulation
		3.3. Economic drivers-Competitiveness, critical materials
		3.4. Technological drivers-First life extension
	4. Barriers-What is in the way?
		4.1. Uncertainties
		4.2. Economic costs
		4.3. Collection
		4.4. Complexity of product and not knowing what you have
	5. Enablers-Clear the way
		5.1. Design for end of life, recovery, and repair
		5.2. Rapid testing for decision making
		5.3. Global passport for batteries
	6. A circular vision for the UK battery value chain
	References
Chapter 32: Circular economy in the cosmetics industry: An assessment of sustainability reporting
	1. Introduction
	2. Circular economy and sustainable development
	3. Survey methodology
	4. Companies
		4.1. Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK)
		4.2. Merck
		4.3. Pfizer
		4.4. Vianex
		4.5. Weleda
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 33: Company perspectives on sustainable circular economy development in the South Karelia and Kymenlaakso regions ...
	1. Introduction and background
	2. Material and methods
		2.1. Aims of the study
		2.2. Methodology
		2.3. Survey and questionnaire analysis
	3. Results
	4. Discussion
	5. Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 34: Approaches to the circular economy in Armenia and Portugal: An overview
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
	3. Regional context for Armenia and Portugal
		3.1. Armenia
		3.2. Portugal
	4. Thematic areas of research
		4.1. Socioeconomic relationships
		4.2. Emerging circular economy policies
	5. An overview of circular economy efforts in Armenia
		5.1. Brief historical context
		5.2. Circular economy-related recent and emerging policies
		5.3. Community-government interactions
	6. An overview of circular economy efforts in Portugal
		6.1. Brief historical context
		6.2. Circular economy-related recent and emerging policies
		6.3. Community-based circular economy initiatives
	7. A brief discussion: Observations from Portugal's unique permacircular system
	8. A brief discussion: Observations from Armenia's community-government interactions
	9. Insights
	10. Conclusions
	References
Index
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