Chromatography in the Petroleum Industry

Front Cover......Page 1
Chromatography in the Petroleum Industry......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 16
List of Contributors......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.2 Natural gas......Page 21
1.3 Refinery gas......Page 47
1.4 Conclusions......Page 57
1.5 Acknowledgements......Page 58
1.6 References......Page 59
2.1 Introduction......Page 60
2.2 Middle distillates and lube oils......Page 61
2.3 Gasolines and gasoline fractions......Page 65
2.4 Heavy lube oils and residues......Page 66
2.5 Crude oils......Page 69
2.6 Process control and other applications......Page 70
2.8 References......Page 71
3.1 Introduction......Page 74
3.2 Gas liquid chromatography......Page 76
3.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography of waxes......Page 97
3.4 Size exclusion chromatography......Page 100
3.5 Conclusions......Page 108
References......Page 109
4.1 Introduction......Page 114
4.2 Microcapillary hydrodynamic chromatography......Page 115
4.3 Capillary hydrodynamic chromatography......Page 130
4.4 Hydrodynamic chromatography in packed columns......Page 139
4.5 Conclusions......Page 143
4.6 References......Page 144
5.1 Introduction......Page 146
5.2 Kerogen and other petroleum macromolecules......Page 147
5.3 Geochemistry of petroleum......Page 149
5.4 Summary......Page 157
5.5 References......Page 158
6.1 Introduction......Page 162
6.2 Oxygenates as components of motor gasoline......Page 163
6.3 O-FID analyser......Page 166
6.4 Analytical procedure......Page 171
6.5 O-FID applications......Page 175
6.7 References......Page 176
7.1 Introduction......Page 178
7.2 Principle of operation of an atomic emission detector (AED)......Page 179
7.3 Historical development of the plasma detector......Page 181
7.4 Description and evaluation of a home-built atomic emission detector......Page 183
7.6 Description of the Hewlett Packard 5921A AED......Page 203
7.7 Typical applications......Page 210
7.8 Conclusion......Page 216
7.9 References......Page 219
8.1 Introduction......Page 220
8.2 Sulfur-selective detectors for gas chromatography......Page 221
8.3 The sulfur chemiluminescence detector......Page 222
8.4 Performance characteristics of the SCD......Page 226
8.5 Factors influencing the sensitivity and selectivity of the SCD......Page 228
8.6 Flameless sulfur chemiluminescence......Page 230
8.7 Column selection and sampling techniques......Page 232
8.8 Applications......Page 234
8.11 References......Page 246
9.1 Introduction......Page 250
9.2 Selectivity tuning in series-coupled columns......Page 257
9.3 Column switching techniques......Page 260
9.4 Practical aspects......Page 269
9.5 Strategies for the application of multi-column systems......Page 282
9.6 References......Page 285
10.1 Introduction......Page 288
10.2 Why use supercritical fluid extraction?......Page 290
10.3 SFE Equipment......Page 294
10.4 SFE techniques......Page 299
10.5 Petroleum-based applications......Page 303
10.7 References......Page 320
11.1 Introduction......Page 324
11.2 Instrumentation......Page 325
11.3 Applications......Page 341
11.4 References......Page 362
12.1 Introduction......Page 366
12.2 Apparatus......Page 367
12.3 Quantitation......Page 380
12.4 Applications......Page 381
12.5 Preparative HPLC and column liquid chromatography......Page 389
12.6 Individual publications......Page 390
12.8 References......Page 391
1 3.1 Introduction......Page 394
13.2 The role of the data processor......Page 395
13.3 Limitations of the detector signal......Page 397
13.4 Detector signal processing......Page 399
13.5 Measurement errors......Page 403
13.6 Calibration......Page 409
13.7 Validation and standard chromatograms......Page 412
13.8 Strategies for peak measurement......Page 414
13.9 References......Page 417
14.1 Introduction......Page 420
14.2 Separation techniques......Page 423
14.3 Applications of capillary electrophoresis......Page 440
14.4 Conclusion......Page 443
14.5 References......Page 444
Subject Index......Page 446