Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist's Guide

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: Choosing  and  Using Statistics: A Biologist\'s Guide......Page 5
ISBN 9781405198387......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
How to use this book......Page 16
Acknowledgements for the second edition......Page 17
Acknowledgements for the third edition......Page 18
1 Eight steps to successful data analysis......Page 19
Hypothesis testing......Page 20
Sampling......Page 21
Statistics......Page 22
Tests of relationships......Page 23
Tests for data investigation......Page 24
The art of choosing a test......Page 25
A key to assist in your choice of statistical test......Page 26
Acceptable errors......Page 41
P-values......Page 42
Choice of sample unit......Page 43
Positioning of sample units to achieve a random sample......Page 44
Experimental design......Page 45
Temporal control......Page 46
Some standard experimental designs......Page 47
What are statistics?......Page 50
What is a variable?......Page 51
Continuous variables......Page 52
Attributes......Page 53
The Poisson distribution......Page 54
The binomial distribution......Page 55
The hypergeometric distribution......Page 57
The standardized normal distribution......Page 58
Skewness......Page 59
Transformations......Page 61
The angular transformation......Page 62
The logit transformation......Page 63
The t-distribution......Page 64
The exponential distribution......Page 65
Box and whisker plots......Page 66
Box and whisker plot (box plot)......Page 67
Bar chart: for discrete data......Page 68
Histogram: for continuous data......Page 69
Statistics of location or position......Page 70
Mode......Page 71
Standard deviation (SD)......Page 73
Other summary statistics......Page 74
General......Page 75
Box and whisker plots (box plots)......Page 80
Associations......Page 81
Multiple scatterplots......Page 82
Lines......Page 83
Confidence intervals......Page 85
Three-dimensional scatterplots......Page 86
Multiple fitted lines......Page 87
Surfaces......Page 88
G-test......Page 90
An example......Page 91
Chi-square test (χ2)......Page 93
An example......Page 94
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test......Page 104
An example......Page 105
Anderson–Darling test......Page 107
Graphical tests for normality......Page 108
Paired t-test......Page 110
Wilcoxon signed ranks test......Page 114
Sign test......Page 117
t-test......Page 121
One-way ANOVA......Page 129
Mann–Whitney U......Page 137
Friedman test (for repeated measures)......Page 141
Repeated-measures ANOVA......Page 145
Independent samples......Page 146
One-way ANOVA......Page 147
Post hoc testing: after one-way ANOVA......Page 156
Kruskal–Wallis test......Page 160
There are two independent ways of classifying the data......Page 163
Friedman test......Page 164
Two-way ANOVA (without replication)......Page 170
Interaction......Page 178
Two-way ANOVA (with replication)......Page 181
An example......Page 182
An example......Page 193
Multifactorial testing......Page 200
Three-way ANOVA (without replication)......Page 201
An example......Page 202
Multiway ANOVA......Page 209
Nested factors......Page 210
An example......Page 211
Chi-square test of association......Page 217
An example......Page 218
Cramér coefficient of association......Page 226
Observations assigned a value......Page 227
An example......Page 228
Spearman’s rank-order correlation......Page 232
An example......Page 233
An example......Page 236
Regression......Page 237
Questions......Page 238
Prediction......Page 239
Confidence intervals......Page 240
An example......Page 241
Logistic regression......Page 248
An example......Page 249
Polynomial, cubic and quadratic regression......Page 253
Correlation......Page 254
Regression......Page 255
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)......Page 256
Stepwise regression......Page 260
Path analysis......Page 261
Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis......Page 262
An example......Page 263
An example......Page 269
An example......Page 274
Cluster analysis......Page 277
DECORANA and TWINSPAN......Page 281
Symbols......Page 282
Upper-case letters......Page 283
Lower-case letters......Page 284
Glossary......Page 285
Assumptions of the tests......Page 300
What if the assumptions are violated?......Page 302
Using a computer......Page 303
Statistics......Page 304
Displaying the data......Page 305
A table of statistical tests......Page 307
Index......Page 309