Chitosan-based hydrogels : functions and applications

Chitosan-based Hydrogels: Functions And Application......Page 1
Chitosan-based Hydrogels: Functions And Application......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
1.1.1 Discovery and Origin......Page 9
1.1.3 General Situation of Research and Production......Page 10
1.2.1 Chemical Method......Page 12
1.2.2 Enzyme Method......Page 14
1.3.1 Deacetylation Degree......Page 15
1.3.2 Molecular Weight......Page 16
1.3.3 Structure Identification......Page 17
1.3.5 Nitrogen Content......Page 18
1.4.1 Structure Characteristic......Page 19
1.4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 21
1.5.1 O- Acylation and N- Acylation......Page 24
1.5.2 Esterification Using Inorganic Oxygen Acids......Page 25
1.5.3 Etherification......Page 26
1.5.4 N- Alkylation......Page 28
1.5.5 Oxidation......Page 31
1.5.6 Chelation......Page 32
1.5.7 Graft Copolymerization......Page 34
1.5.8 Cross- Linking......Page 37
1.6.2 Status of Chitosan Products......Page 38
References......Page 40
Contents......Page 45
2.2 N-Alkyl-Chitosans......Page 46
2.3 Quaternized Chitosan......Page 47
2.3.1 Quaternization of Chitosan Using Iodomethane......Page 48
2.3.2 Quaternization of Chitosan Using Glycidyl Trimethylammonium Chloride......Page 50
2.3.4 Quaternization of Chitosan Derivatives......Page 51
2.4.1 N-Acyl Chitosan......Page 54
2.4.1.2 Acyl Chitosan Derivatives from Acyl Chlorides......Page 56
2.4.1.3 Acyl Chitosan Derivatives from Coupling Reactions......Page 57
2.4.3 Controlled N,O-Acylation of Chitosan......Page 58
2.5 Carboxyalkyl Chitosans......Page 59
2.6 Sulfated Chitosan......Page 61
2.7 Phosphorylated Chitosan......Page 64
2.8 Thiolated Chitosan......Page 67
2.9 Sugar- Modified Chitosan......Page 70
2.10 CD- Linked Chitosan......Page 73
2.10.1 Grafting of CD onto Chitosan by Using EDC......Page 75
2.10.4 Grafting of CD onto Chitosan by Using 1,6- Hexamethylene Diisocyanate......Page 76
2.10.5 Grafting of CD onto Chitosan by Reductive Amination......Page 77
2.10.7 Grafting of CD onto Chitosan by Using a Redox Initiator......Page 78
2.11 Graft Copolymers of Chitosan......Page 80
2.11.1 Graft Copolymerization by Radical Generation......Page 82
2.11.2 Grafting by Using Radiation......Page 84
2.11.4 Cationic Graft Polymerization......Page 85
2.11.6 Cyclic Monomer Copolymerization via Ring Opening......Page 86
2.11.7 Copolymerization of Preformed Polymer by the Grafting onto Method......Page 87
2.11.8 Graft Copolymerization Based on Living Radical Polymerization......Page 90
2.12 Chitosan? Dendrimer Hybrid......Page 93
References......Page 98
Contents......Page 114
3.1.1 I mmunocyte......Page 115
3.1.1.1 Vaccine Encapsulation Matrix......Page 116
3.1.1.2 Chitosan as a Gene Vector......Page 117
3.1.1.3 Chitosan Derivatives as a Gene Delivery Matrix......Page 119
3.1.1.4 Clinical Applications of Chitosan? DNA Systems......Page 121
3.1.2.2 Macrophage- Targeting Therapy......Page 122
References......Page 124
3.2.1.1 Preparation of Chitosan Microspheres......Page 128
3.2.1.5 Hemolysis Test......Page 129
3.2.1.7 Hemolytic Properties......Page 130
3.2.2.1 Characterization......Page 133
3.2.2.2 Hemostatic Potential of Chitosan and Its Derivatives......Page 134
3.2.3 B lood Compatibility......Page 136
3.2.3.3 Blood- Compatible Chitosan Derivatives......Page 137
3.2.4 Conclusions......Page 140
References......Page 141
3.3 Antimicrobial Activity......Page 143
3.3.1.2 Test of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration......Page 144
3.3.2.2 Antibacterial Activities of HTCC......Page 145
3.3.3.1 Antibacterium Mechanism of Chitosan and HTCC......Page 146
3.3.3.3 Antibacterium Activity of the Schiff Base of Chitosan and Metallic Ion- Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles......Page 147
References......Page 148
3.4.1.1 Cytokine and Chemical Substances Correlated with Inflammatory Activity......Page 149
3.4.1.3 Function of Chitosan in Antiinflammatory Activity......Page 150
3.4.1.5 Sustained Release Matrix of Chitosan Microspheres......Page 151
3.4.2.2 Promoting Ulcer Healing of Chitosan......Page 154
3.4.2.3 Accelerating Pressure Ulcer Cure of Growth Factor- Loaded Chitosan......Page 155
3.4.3.1 Function of Chitosan in Fat and Hypocholesteremic Lowering......Page 157
3.4.3.2 Characterization......Page 159
3.4.4.1 Antitumor Activity of an LMWC......Page 161
3.4.4.2 Antitumor Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles......Page 163
3.4.4.3 Chitosan Colloidal Drug Carrier Systems for Antitumor Activity......Page 164
3.4.4.4 Self- Assembly Chitosan Derivatives for Antitumor Activity......Page 167
3.4.4.5 Chitosan Hydrogels for Antitumors......Page 174
References......Page 177
Contents......Page 183
4.1.2 Performance of Cross- Linking Network......Page 184
4.2.1 Complex Cross- Linking Network......Page 187
4.2.1.2 Chitosan? Alginate PECs......Page 189
4.2.1.3 Chitosan/ HA PECs......Page 190
4.2.1.4 Chitosan/ Heparin PECs......Page 191
4.2.2 Ionic Cross- Linking Network......Page 192
4.2.3 Covalent Cross- Linking Network......Page 194
4.2.3.2 Genipin- Cross- Linked Chitosan......Page 196
4.2.3.3 Diisocyanate- Cross- Linked Chitosan......Page 199
4.2.3.4 Diepoxide- Cross- Linked Chitosan......Page 200
4.3.1.1.1 Chitosan/Collagen Hybrid Cross-Linking Network......Page 201
4.3.1.1.2 Chitosan/Gelatin Hybrid Cross-Link Network......Page 202
4.3.1.2.1 Chitosan/Chondroitin Sulfate Cross-Linking Network......Page 203
4.3.1.2.2 Chitosan/HA Network......Page 204
4.3.1.2.3 Chitosan/Heparin Network......Page 205
4.3.2.1 Semi- IPNs......Page 207
4.3.2.2 Full- IPNs......Page 210
4.4.1.1 Chitosan/β-TCP Composite System......Page 211
4.4.1.2 Chitosan/ HAp Composite System......Page 212
4.4.2.1 Mineralization through Coprecipitation......Page 213
4.4.2.2 Mineralization through Surface Coating......Page 214
4.5.1 Self- Assembly Nanoparticles......Page 215
4.5.2.1 Chitosan/ Protein Self- Assembly......Page 219
4.5.2.2.1 Chitosan/Hyaluronic Acid PEM......Page 220
4.5.2.2.2 Chitosan?Alginate PEM......Page 222
References......Page 225
5.1 Introduction......Page 238
5.2 pH Response......Page 239
5.2.1.1 Chitosan- Derivative- Based Hydrogels......Page 240
5.2.1.2 Chitosan? Polyanion Polymer Polyelectrolyte Complex......Page 242
5.2.2.1 Amphoteric Cross- Linking Hydrogels......Page 243
5.2.2.2 Chitosan- Based Semi- IPN Hydrogels......Page 244
5.3 Temperature Response......Page 247
5.3.1.2 Chitosan/ PEG Thermosensitive Hydrogels......Page 249
5.3.1.3 Chitosan/ PVA Thermosensitive Hydrogels......Page 251
5.3.1.4 Chitosan/ Polyol Salt Thermosensitivity Hydrogels......Page 252
5.3.2.2 Chitosan/ PNIPAAm Hydrogels......Page 254
5.3.2.3 Chitosan/ PNVCL Hydrogels......Page 257
5.5 Electro- Response......Page 258
References......Page 260
Contents......Page 265
6.1 Introduction......Page 266
6.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives for DDS......Page 268
6.2.1.2 Thiolated Chitosan......Page 269
6.2.2.1 Chitosan- g- Pluronic......Page 271
6.2.2.3 Chitosan- g- Cyclodextrin [ 20]......Page 272
6.2.3 Graft Copolymer of Chitosan......Page 273
6.3 Chitosan- Based Gel Formation Principles......Page 275
6.3.1.1 Charge Interactions......Page 276
6.3.1.2 Hydrophobic Interactions......Page 277
6.3.2 Chemical Cross- Linked Hydrogel......Page 278
6.3.2.2 Michael Addition......Page 279
6.3.2.4 Polymerization......Page 280
6.4.2 Particles and Spheres......Page 282
6.4.2.1 Emulsification......Page 283
6.4.2.2 Coacervation......Page 284
6.4.2.5 Sieving Method......Page 285
6.4.3 Membranes and Films......Page 286
6.5.1 Physical Entrapment......Page 287
6.5.3 Composite Systems......Page 288
6.5.4 Hydrophobic Drug Loading into Hydrogels......Page 290
6.6.1.2 Swelling- Controlled Mechanisms......Page 292
6.6.2 Drug Release Stimuli......Page 293
6.6.2.1 pH- Sensitive Release......Page 294
6.6.2.2 pH and Temperature Dual- Sensitive Release......Page 295
6.6.2.3 Electric- Sensitive Release......Page 296
6.6.2.5 Glucose- Sensitive Release......Page 297
6.6.3.1 Passive Targeting: EPR Effect......Page 298
6.6.3.2 Active Targeting: RME......Page 300
6.7.1 Drug Delivery in the Oral Cavity......Page 301
6.7.2 Nasal Drug Delivery......Page 302
6.7.4 Colonic Drug Delivery......Page 303
6.7.5 Ocular Drug Delivery......Page 304
6.7.6 Transdermal Drug Delivery......Page 305
6.8 Commercial Products......Page 306
6.9 Conclusions......Page 307
References......Page 308
Contents......Page 317
7.2.1.1 Emulsion Cross- Linking......Page 318
7.2.1.2 Coacervation/ Precipitation......Page 319
7.2.1.4 Emulsion- Droplet Coalescence Method......Page 321
7.2.1.5 Ionic Gelation......Page 322
7.2.1.6 Reverse Micellar Method......Page 323
7.2.1.7 Sieving Method [ 15]......Page 324
7.2.4 Methods of Preparation of Thermosensitive In Situ Gels Based on Chitosan......Page 325
7.4.1.1 Protein and Peptide Delivery......Page 326
7.4.1.3 Gene Delivery......Page 327
7.4.1.4 Vaccine Delivery......Page 329
7.4.2.1 Gastric Delivery......Page 330
7.4.2.2 Colon- Selective Drug Delivery......Page 331
7.4.3.1 Nasal Delivery......Page 332
7.4.3.3 Ocular Delivery......Page 333
7.4.4 Transdermal Drug Delivery......Page 334
References......Page 335
Contents......Page 341
8.1 Introduction......Page 342
8.2.1 Current Methods of Enzyme Immobilization......Page 343
8.2.2 Several Supports of Enzyme Immobilization......Page 345
8.2.3 Methods of Enzyme Immobilization on Chitosan- Based Supports......Page 347
8.2.4 Preparation Methods of Chitosan- Based Supports......Page 350
8.3.1 Solvent Evaporation......Page 351
8.3.2.1 Chitosan Powders......Page 352
8.3.2.4 Chitosan Films......Page 353
8.3.3.2 Micro/ Nanoparticles......Page 354
8.3.4.1.1 GA as a Cross- Linking Agent......Page 355
8.3.4.1.2 Carbodiimide as a Cross- Linking Agent......Page 356
8.3.4.1.4 Tris Hydroxymethyl Phosphine as Cross- Linking Agent......Page 357
8.3.4.3.1 Metal Affinity Support......Page 358
8.3.4.3.2 Dye Affinity Support......Page 359
8.3.6 Electrodeposition Method......Page 360
8.3.7 Electrospinning Method......Page 362
8.4 Chitosan Modifications for Enzyme Immobilization......Page 363
8.4.1.2 2- diethylaminochloroethane  DE- Chitosan......Page 364
8.4.1.3 Amino Acid- Modified Chitosan......Page 365
8.4.1.5 Photopolymerized Chitosan......Page 366
8.4.2.3 Itaconic Acid- Grafted Chitosan for Reversible Enzyme Immobilization......Page 367
8.4.3.1 Laccase Conjugation to Chitosan......Page 368
8.4.3.2 Invertase? Chitosan Conjugate......Page 369
8.5.1 Chitosan? Biopolymer Mixture Prepared by Mixture......Page 370
8.5.2.1.2 Chitosan- Poly Acrylonitrile? MethylMethacrylate? Sodium Vinylsulfonate  PANMV Membrane......Page 371
8.5.2.3 Chitosan- Tethered Alumina Membrane......Page 372
8.5.3 Chitosan- Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes......Page 373
8.5.3.1.3 Chitosan/ Alginic Acid Complexation Network......Page 374
8.5.3.1.7 Chitosan/ Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan Nanocapsules......Page 375
8.5.3.2.1 Chitosan/ Horseradish Peroxidase LBL Self- Assembly Films......Page 376
8.5.4 Chitosan? Inorganic Composites......Page 377
8.5.4.1.1 Nanobiocomposite Films by Solvent Evaporation......Page 378
8.5.4.1.3 Magnetic Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared by the Ionization Gelation Method......Page 379
8.5.4.1.5 Magnetic Particles/ Nanowires by LBL Self- Assembly......Page 380
8.5.4.2.1 Chitosan? ZnO Nanocomposites......Page 381
8.5.4.2.3 Chitosan/ TiO2 Nanocomposite......Page 382
8.5.4.3.1 Electrodeposition Method......Page 383
8.5.4.4 Chitosan? Silica Hybrid Composite Material......Page 385
8.5.4.4.1 Cross- Linking by Silylating Agents......Page 386
8.5.4.4.3 Chitosan Coated on Silica Gel by LBL Self- Assembly......Page 387
8.5.4.5 Chitosan? CNT Composite Material......Page 388
8.5.4.5.2 Chemical Cross- Linking Methods......Page 389
8.5.4.6.2 Chitosan? Synthetic Clay Composite Film......Page 390
8.5.4.7.1 Chitosan? Nano- Calcium Carbonate Composite......Page 391
8.5.4.7.2 Chitosan? Nano- Lanthanum Phosphate Composite......Page 392
8.5.4.7.4 Chitosan- Silica- K3Fe CN......Page 393
References......Page 400
Contents......Page 409
9.2.1 Chitosan- Based Porous Scaffolds......Page 410
9.2.2 Chitosan- Based Fiber Scaffolds......Page 412
9.2.3 Chitosan- Based Microsphere Scaffolds......Page 414
9.3 Interactions between Chitosan- Based Biomaterials and Cells......Page 416
9.3.1.3 Migration......Page 417
9.3.2 Effect of Chemical Composition......Page 418
9.3.3 Effect of Matrix Stiffness......Page 419
9.3.4 Effect of the Spatial Architecture of Chitosan- Based Biomaterials......Page 422
9.4 Incorporation of Growth Factors in Chitosan- Based Biomaterials......Page 425
9.5 Application of Chitosan- Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering......Page 427
9.5.1 Blood Vessel......Page 428
9.5.2 Skin......Page 429
9.5.2.2 Dermal Equivalent......Page 430
9.5.2.3 Full- Thickness Replacement......Page 434
9.5.3 Cartilage......Page 437
9.5.3.1 Chitosan- Based Hydrogels? Chondrocytes Construct......Page 438
9.5.3.2 Chitosan- Based Porous Hydrogels? Chondrocytes Construct......Page 440
9.5.3.2.2 Chitosan? CAG Scaffolds......Page 442
9.5.3.2.3 Chitosan? Polysaccharide Scaffolds......Page 443
9.5.3.2.5 Chitosan Scaffolds Conjugated with Growth Factors......Page 444
9.5.4 Bone......Page 445
9.5.4.1 Chitosan- Based Polymeric Porous Scaffolds......Page 447
9.5.4.2 Chitosan? Ceramic Composite Scaffolds......Page 448
9.5.5 Nerve......Page 450
9.5.6 Liver......Page 455
9.6 Summary and Outlook......Page 457
9.6.1 Design of Complicated Scaffolds......Page 458
9.6.2 Stem Cell Technology and Chitosan- Based Biomaterials......Page 459
References......Page 460
10.1.1 Architectures of a Live System......Page 471
10.1.2 Cells and Their ECMs......Page 472
10.1.4 Interaction of Cell and Chitosan- Based Biomaterials......Page 473
10.2.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering......Page 474
10.2.3 Intelligent Carriers......Page 475
10.3 Challenges Due to Interactions of Chitosan- Based Gels......Page 476
10.4.2 Vascularization and Structure for Hard Tissue Regeneration......Page 477
10.5 Disease Information for Drug Delivery Systems......Page 478
References......Page 479
Index......Page 482