Chitin and chitosan: proceedings of the second International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan, July 12-14, 1982, Sapporo, Japan

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright Page......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 19
Series Preface......Page 23
Preface......Page 25
Chapter 1 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan and their Isolation......Page 27
  1.1.2 Different Crystalline Forms of Chitin......Page 28
  1.2.1 Sources of Chitin......Page 31
  1.2.2 Sources for Chitosan......Page 36
  1.3.1 Technology Principles......Page 37
  1.3.2 Isolation of Chitin from Crustaceans......Page 39
  1.3.4 Isolation of Chitin from Other Biomass Types......Page 42
  1.4.1 Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan......Page 45
  1.4.2 Chitosan Extracted from Fungi......Page 50
 1.5 Towards Commercial Applications......Page 51
 References......Page 54
 2.1 Introduction......Page 61
 2.2 Brief Overview of Classical Methods of Isolating Chitin from Invertebrates......Page 64
 2.3 The Modern Approach to Chitin Isolation from Sponges......Page 66
  2.3.1 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Glass Sponges (Hexactinellida)......Page 67
  2.3.2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Demosponges (Demospongiae)......Page 69
  2.4.1 Poriferan Chitin and Modern Bioinspired Materials Science......Page 75
  2.4.2 Chitinous 3D Scaffolds of Sponge Origin for Tissue Engineering......Page 77
 References......Page 80
Chapter 3 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan and its Degradation Products......Page 87
  3.1.1 Determination of Molar Mass......Page 88
  3.1.2 Determination of the Deacetylation Degree......Page 93
  3.1.4 Determination of Nitrogen......Page 96
  3.1.6 Determination of Heavy Metal Content......Page 97
  3.1.9 Determination of Water Content......Page 98
  3.1.11 Quantitative Determination of Chitosan by Ninhydrin......Page 99
 3.2 Products of Degradation and their Application......Page 100
 References......Page 103
Chapter 4 New Developments in the Analysis of Partially Acetylated Chitosan Polymers and Oligomers......Page 107
 4.1 Introduction......Page 108
  4.2.1 Degree of Polymerisation (DP), Fraction and Pattern of Acetylation (FA and PA)......Page 109
  4.3.1 Molecular Weight (MW) / Degree of Polymerisation (DP) and its Dispersity (ÐMW / ÐDP)......Page 112
  4.3.2 Fraction of Acetylation (FA) and its Dispersity (ÐFA)......Page 113
  4.3.3 Pattern of Acetylation (PA)......Page 115
 4.4 Outlook......Page 117
 References......Page 118
 5.1 Introduction......Page 123
 5.2 Chitosan-Based Multilayered Hydrogels......Page 124
  5.2.1 Periodic Precipitation......Page 125
  5.2.3 Induced by Electrical Signals......Page 126
  5.2.5 Sequential Curing......Page 127
 5.3 Chitin/Chitosan Physical Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System......Page 129
  5.3.2 Chitosan Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System......Page 130
  5.4.1 Physical Association Networks......Page 134
  5.4.2 Chemical Association Networks......Page 136
  5.4.3 Double-Network Hydrogels......Page 142
  5.5.1 Physical Interactions......Page 145
  5.5.2 Dynamic Chemical Bonds......Page 147
 5.6 Chitosan-Based Shape Memory Hydrogels......Page 151
  5.6.3 Ultrasound Triggered Shape Recovery......Page 152
  5.6.5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels with Triple Shape Memory Effect......Page 153
 5.7 Superabsorbent Chitosan-Based Hydrogels......Page 157
  5.7.1 Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Hydrogels......Page 158
  5.7.2 Hydrogels by Graft Copolymerization......Page 159
  5.7.3 Chitosan-Based Composite Hydrogels......Page 160
  5.7.4 Pure Chitosan-Based Materials......Page 161
 References......Page 162
Chapter 6 Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 171
 6.1 Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with In Vitro Studies......Page 172
  6.2.1 Immune Modulation......Page 175
  6.2.2 Anti-Pathogenic Effects......Page 181
  6.2.3 Anti-Tumour Effects......Page 183
  6.3.1 Cholesterol Reduction and CVD Preventive Effects......Page 184
  6.3.2 Other Health Effects......Page 186
 6.4 Requirements to forward the Field of Study Towards the Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 189
 References......Page 190
 7.1 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan – The Mechanism of its Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity......Page 195
 7.2 The use of Chitin/Chitosan’s Microbiological Activity in Medicine and Pharmacy......Page 197
 7.3 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in the Food Industry......Page 200
 7.4 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Paper and Textile Industries......Page 202
 7.5 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Agriculture......Page 203
 References......Page 207
Chapter 8 Enzymes for Modification of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 215
 8.1 CAZymes in Chitin Degradation and Modification......Page 216
  8.1.1 Chitinases......Page 217
  8.1.3 Exo-β-glucosaminidases......Page 221
  8.1.4 Chitosanases......Page 223
  8.1.5 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases......Page 225
  8.1.6 Carbohydrate Esterases......Page 226
 8.2 Modular Diversity in Chitinases, Chitosanases and LPMOs......Page 230
 8.3 Biological Roles of Chitin-Active Enzymes......Page 231
 8.4 Microbial Degradation and Utilisation of Chitin......Page 234
  8.4.1 Chitin Degradation by Serratia marcescens......Page 235
  8.4.3 Chitin Degradation by Thermococcus Kodakarensis......Page 237
  8.4.4 Chitin Degradation by Fungi......Page 238
 8.5 Biotechnological Perspectives......Page 239
 8.6 Biorefining of Chitin‐Rich Biomass......Page 240
 References......Page 242
Chapter 9 Chitin and Chitosan as Sources of Bio-Based Building Blocks and Chemicals......Page 255
 9.1 Introduction......Page 256
  9.2.1 Chitosan Production......Page 258
  9.2.2 Production of Chitooligosaccharides......Page 260
  9.2.3 Production of GlcNAc and GlcN from Chitin......Page 261
  9.3.1 Furan-Based Monomers......Page 264
 9.4 Outlook......Page 265
 References......Page 266
 10.1 Introduction......Page 271
 10.2 Functional Chitosan Derivatives by Chemical and Enzymatic Modification......Page 272
  10.2.1 Anionic Chitosan Derivatives......Page 274
  10.2.4 Hydroxyaryl Chitosan Derivatives......Page 276
 10.3 Graft Co-Polymers of Chitosan......Page 277
 10.5 Outlook......Page 280
 References......Page 281
Chapter 11 Chitosan-Based DrugDelivery Systems......Page 285
 11.1 Introduction......Page 286
 11.2 Beneficial Effects of Chitosan......Page 287
  11.2.3 Transfection Activity......Page 289
 11.3 Chitosan—an Active Polymer for Bypassing Biological Barriers......Page 291
  11.3.1 Skin Barrier......Page 292
  11.3.2 Mucosa Barrier......Page 293
  11.3.3 Ophthalmic Barrier......Page 295
  11.3.4 Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 296
 11.4 Chitosan-Based DDS Formulations......Page 297
  11.4.4 Scaffolds and Membranes......Page 301
 References......Page 302
 12.1 Selection of the Raw Sources: Safety Criteria......Page 317
  12.1.2 General Requirements for Chitinous Biopolymers Applied in Designing Medical Devices......Page 318
  12.1.3 Characterisation of the Biopolymer for Application in Wound Dressing Designing......Page 319
  12.1.4 Aspect of the Sterilization of the Final Wound Dressing......Page 321
 12.3 Performance and Safety Assessment......Page 323
 12.4 New Ideas and Concepts......Page 327
 12.5 Risk Acceptance and Design Process Aspects......Page 332
 References......Page 334
 13.1 Introduction......Page 341
 13.2 Chitosan and its Derivatives as Food Additive......Page 342
  13.2.1 Antioxidant......Page 344
  13.2.3 Stabilizer and Thickener......Page 345
 13.3 Functional Ingredient and Health Beneficial Effects......Page 346
 13.4 Active Packaging......Page 347
 13.5 Enzyme Immobilization......Page 357
 13.6 Encapsulation and Delivering of Bioactive Ingredients......Page 358
 13.7 Adsorption and Chelation of Toxic and Undesirable Compounds......Page 360
 13.8 Outlook......Page 365
 References......Page 366
Chapter 14 Potential of Chitosans in the Development of Edible Food Packaging......Page 375
 14.1 Potential limitations for real introduction into the market......Page 376
  14.1.2 Solubility......Page 377
  14.1.4 Structure variability......Page 378
  14.2.2 Main relevant chitosan-Based material properties......Page 379
  14.3.1 CSNPs......Page 383
  14.3.2 CSNPs in various edible films......Page 384
  14.3.3 Antimicrobial activities of CSNPs in edible films......Page 385
 14.4 Applications to sensitive real food products......Page 386
  14.4.1 Fruits and vegetables......Page 387
  14.4.3 Fish and seafood products......Page 388
 References......Page 390
Chapter 15 The Use of Chitosan‐Based Nanoformulations for Controlling Fungi During Storage of Horticultural Commodities......Page 397
 15.2 Importance of Fruits and Vegetables......Page 398
 15.3 Storage Disorders and Diseases of Horticultural Products......Page 400
 15.4 Plant Fungi Inhibition by Chitosan Application......Page 401
 15.7 Physiological Response and Quality Retention of Horticultural Commodities to Chitosan Coating Application......Page 402
 15.8 Influence of Chitosan Coatings on the Shelf Life of Horticultural Products......Page 404
 15.9 Effects of Chitosan Coatings with Additional Compounds on Quality and Microorganisms Development......Page 405
 15.10 Integration of Chitosan Nanoparticles into Coating Formulations and their Effects on the Quality of Horticultural Commodities and Development of Microorganisms......Page 410
 References......Page 413
Chapter 16 Chitosan Application in Textile Processing and Fabric Coating......Page 421
 16.1 Chitosan in the Textile Industry......Page 422
 16.2 Textile Production......Page 424
 16.3 General Test Methods......Page 426
 16.4 Fibres and Yarns from Chitin and Chitosan......Page 427
  16.4.2 Chitosan Spinning Processes......Page 428
  16.4.3 Mechanical Properties of Chitosan Fibres/Yarns......Page 430
 16.5 Sizing with Chitosan......Page 432
  16.5.1 Miscibility of Chitosan with Other Sizing Agents......Page 433
  16.5.2 Viscosity of Chitosan‐Containing Sizing Agents......Page 434
  16.5.3 Adhesion and Wetting......Page 436
  16.5.4 Mechanical–Physical Properties of Chitosan Films......Page 437
  16.5.5 Removal and Processing of Chitosan Sizing after Weaving......Page 438
 16.6 Chitosan as a Finishing Agent or Coating......Page 440
  16.6.1 Chitosan as a Carrier and Linker......Page 441
  16.6.2 Formation of a Durable Finish with Chitosan......Page 442
  16.6.3 Chitosan as an Active Agent......Page 443
 16.7 Outlook......Page 445
 Nomenclature......Page 446
 References......Page 447
Chapter 17 Chitin and Chitosan for Water Purification......Page 455
 17.1 Introduction......Page 456
  17.2.1 Principle of the Adsorption Process......Page 458
  17.2.2 Adsorption of Organic Compounds......Page 460
  17.2.3 Adsorption of Heavy Metals......Page 463
 17.3 Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation/Flocculation......Page 466
  17.4.1 Principle of Ultrafiltration Process......Page 472
  17.4.2 Fabrication of Ultrafiltration Blend Membranes......Page 474
  17.4.3 Chitosan-Enhanced Ultrafiltration......Page 476
 Acknowledgement......Page 478
 References......Page 479
 18.1 Introduction......Page 487
 18.2 Chitosan: A Biopolymer with Unique Properties......Page 488
 18.3 Modification and Preparation of Chitosan‐Based Materials for Electrochemical Applications......Page 489
 18.4 The Proton Conductivity of Chitosan......Page 491
  18.5.1 Electrochemical Sensors......Page 493
  18.5.2 Spectroscopic Sensors......Page 496
  18.5.3 Other Electrochemical Devices......Page 497
 18.6 Outlook......Page 498
 References......Page 499
 19.1 Historical Outline......Page 503
 19.2 Natural Origins of Chitin......Page 504
  19.4.1 Differences of Chemical Compositions of the Cuticles......Page 505
  19.5.2 Chemical Extraction......Page 506
  19.5.4 Characterization and Transformation into Chitosan......Page 507
  19.6.1 Agriculture Applications......Page 508
  19.6.3 Material Applications......Page 509
  19.6.4 Biomedical Applications......Page 510
 References......Page 511
Index......Page 517
EULA......Page 537