Chinese Lexical Semantics: 24th Workshop, CLSW 2023, Singapore, Singapore, May 19–21, 2023, Revised Selected Papers, Part I (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)

Preface
Organization
Contents – Part I
Contents – Part II
Lexical Semantics
A Study on Native Mandarin Speakers’ Homogeneity of Degree Adverbs and Adjectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Pilot Study
		2.2 Participants
		2.3 Procedure
		2.4 Materials
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Assessing Lexical Psycholinguistic Properties in Mandarin Discourse Production by Patients with Aphasia
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Assessing Lexical Knowledge and Usage
		1.2 Analysis of PWA Discourse Production
		1.3 Lexical Psycholinguistic Properties
		1.4 The Present Study
	2 Method
		2.1 Data
		2.2 Psycholinguistic Norms
		2.3 Data Processing
	3 Results
		3.1 Concreteness
		3.2 Imageability
		3.3 Familiarity
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on the Interactive Elements and Functions of Live Streaming Sales Language ——Take “Hao Bu Hao” as an Example
	1 Introduction
	2 Selection and Processing of Corpus
		2.1 High-Frequency Word Search and Discourse Analysis
		2.2 Multimodal Discourse Analysis
	3 Pre- and Post-segment Analysis of “Hao Bu Hao (Ok?)”
		3.1 Pre-segment
		3.2 Post-segment
	4 A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of “Hao Bu Hao (Ok?)”
		4.1 Seek Recognition
		4.2 Hold the Turn
		4.3 Maintain Attention
		4.4 Emphasizing the Key Points
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix. Multimodal Annotation Transcription Examples
	References
Chinese Optatives: A Preliminary Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Partial Ordering of Possibility, Lower Possibility and Optativity
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Semantic Features and Pragmatic Functions of Cantonese Quasi-Demonstrative Type Quantifier di1: A Comparison with Demonstratives ne1 and go2
	1 Introduction
	2 Semantic Features of ne1, go2 and di1
		2.1 ne1 and go2
		2.2 di1
	3 Referential Properties of the Noun Phrase Modified by ne1, go2 and di1
		3.1 The Referents in Discourse
		3.2 Identifiability
		3.3 Referentiality
		3.4 Generic/Individual
		3.5 Summary
	4 Pragmatic Functions of Cantonese Quasi-Demonstrative Quantifier di1 and Demonstratives
		4.1 Situational Use
		4.2 Discourse Deictic Use
		4.3 Tracking Use
		4.4 Recognitional Use
		4.5 Topic Marker
		4.6 Summary
	5 Conclusion and Further Discussion
	References
A Comparative Study of the General Classifier Gè and Its Near-Synonyms in Modern Chinese——Taking Gè, Zhǒng, and Jiàn as Examples
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methods
		3.1 BLCU Chinese Corpus
		3.2 Chinese Wordnet
	4 Comparative Analysis of Classifiers Gè, Jiàn, and Zhǒng
		4.1 Semantic Distribution of Classifier Gè
		4.2 Comparative Analysis of Gè and Jiàn
		4.3 Comparative Analysis of Gè and Zhǒng
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Semantic Analysis of Zhexia: From the Perspectives of Spatial Metaphor, Subjectivity and Discourse Function
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 The Meanings and Usage of Spatial Terms in Chinese: A Review of shàng, xià, qián, and hòu
		2.2 A Review of Zhang, Fang, and Zang (2018): the Discourse Function of zhèxià
	3 Research Method
		3.1 Data Sources
		3.2 Theoretical Frameworks
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 The Discourse Modes of zhèxià
		4.2 Possible Reasons for the Lexical Gap of nàxià
		4.3 Possible Reasons for the Lexical Gap of zhèshàng,  zhèqián, zhèhòu
	5 The Semantic Prosody and Discourse Function of zhèxià
		5.1 Collocation Analysis and Semantic Prosody
		5.2 The Discourse Function and Mood
	6 Conclusion
	References
Sociolinguistic Aspects of Popular Abbreviations in Hong Kong Cantonese
	1 Introduction
	2 Some Characteristics of Popular Abbreviations in Hong Kong Cantonese
		2.1 Sources
		2.2 Abbreviation Strategies
		2.3 Syllable Characteristics
		2.4 Grammatical Features
		2.5 Rhetorical Effect
	3 Sociolinguistic Findings
		3.1 Analysis by Age Group
		3.2 Analysis by Domain
		3.3 Overall Evaluation
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Semantic Features and Construal Mechanisms of the Expectational Negative Adverb Kong in Mandarin
	1 Introduction: Implicit Negation and the Adverb Kong in Mandarin
	2 The Implicit Negative Meanings of the Adverb Kong in Modern Mandarin
	3 The Expectational Negative Function of the Adverb Kong
	4 The Function of Evaluation and Subjectivity of the Adverb Kong
	5 Deciphering the Construal Strategies of Kong
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Formation Features and Structural Mechanism of Modern Chinese “Vcooking+N” Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 The Imbalance of Ambiguity of Modern Chinese “Vcooking+N” Structure
		2.1 Quantitative Statistics of Modern Chinese “Vcooking+N” Structure
		2.2 Disproportionate Ambiguity of Modern Chinese “Vcooking+N” Structure
	3 Form-Meaning Collocation in Modern Chinese “Vcooking+N” Structure
		3.1 Formal Collocation Features of Modern Chinese “Vcooking+N” Structure
		3.2 Semantic Collocation Features of “Vcooking+N” Structure
	4 Construction Mechanism of the Modern Chinese “Vcooking+N” Structure
		4.1 Encyclopedic Knowledge Semantic View
		4.2 The Semantic Class Attribute of N Determines the Anchoring of Vcooking’s Semantic Attribute
		4.3 Implied and Manifested Conventional Production Method
	5 Conclusion
	References
Classifiers of Mandarin Alphabetical Words with Character-Alphabet Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 Selection of the MAWs and CLs
		2.1 Criteria for MAW Selection
		2.2 CL Selection Rules
	3 Data
		3.1 Data Extracting Process
		3.2 Data Examples
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Feasibility of Direct Language Transfer of the Verb “to Eat” from Cantonese to Mandarin
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Vocabulary Differences Between Cantonese and Mandarin
		2.2 Language Transfer by Cantonese Native Speakers to Mandarin
		2.3 Framework of Polysemy Sense Analysis
	3 Research Method
	4 Analysis of the Senses of Cantonese “sik6”
		4.1 Sense of “Eating”
		4.2 Sense of “Tasting”
		4.3 Sense of “Taking Medicine”
		4.4 Sense of “Inhaling”
		4.5 Sense of “Expressing a State”
		4.6 Sense of “Winning”
		4.7 Sense of “Taking Advantage”
		4.8 Sense of “Controlling”
		4.9 Sense of “Relying on for Livelihood”.
		4.10 Sense of “Consuming”
		4.11 Sense of “Enduring”
	5 Analysis of the senses of Mandarin “chi1”
		5.1 Sense of “Eating”
		5.2 Sense of “Taking Medicine”
		5.3 Sense of “Controlling”
		5.4 Sense of “Taking Advantage”
		5.5 Sense of “Consuming”
		5.6 Sense of “Enduring”
		5.7 Sense of “Accepting”
		5.8 Sense of “Estimating”
		5.9 Sense of “Bearing”
		5.10 Sense of “Sinking In”
		5.11 Sense of “Absorbing”
	6 Discussion
		6.1 The Senses Relationship Between “sik6” and “chi1”
		6.2 The Feasibility of Direct Transference Between Cantonese “sik6” and Mandarin “chi1”
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Usage and Standardization of Function Words in Legislative Chinese Language Overseas: A Case Study of Auxiliary Words in the Civil Code of Macao
	1 Introduction
	2 The Usage of Auxiliaries in Legislative Chinese of Macao
		2.1 The Auxiliary “所” [Suo] in Legislative Chinese of Macao
		2.2 The Auxiliary “之”[Zhi] in the Legislative Chinese of Macao
		2.3 The Auxiliary “者”[Zhe] in Legislative Chinese of Macao
	3 Strategies for Standardizing Legislative Chinese Overseas
		3.1 Pritorizing the Prominent Issues
		3.2 Referring to Established Principles
		3.3 Simplifying the Standardization Procedures
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Licensing Contexts of Polarity-Sensitive Adverb Sǐhuó (‘no matter what’): A Force-Dynamic Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 A Force Dynamic Analysis of the Distribution of NPI-Adverb sǐhuó
		2.1 The Force Dynamics Model
		2.2 The Force Dynamics of sǐhuó
		2.3 Physical Force-Confrontation Denoted by Body Action Verbs
		2.4 Conceptual Force-Confrontation Denoted by Negative Words and Verbs of Implicit Negation
		2.5 Conceptual Force-Confrontation Indicated by the Context
	3 Historical Development of sǐhuó
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
The Influence of Neologisms from Mainland China on Changes in the Lexical Semantics of Hong Kong Cantonese
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Neologisms
		1.2 Neologisms in Hong Kong
	2 Data Collection
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Research Methods
	3 Findings
	4 Influence of Mainland Neologisms on Hong Kong Cantonese
		4.1 Replacement of Cantonese Homonyms
		4.2 Replacement of Cantonese Synonyms
		4.3 Deriving New Senses
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix I: The 166 Mainland Neologisms from 2012 to 2021
	Appendix II: The 19 Mainland Neologisms in Dictionary
	References
Research on the Semantic Collocations of Mental Verbs and the Generative Mechanisms of Polysemy: The Generative Lexicon
	1 Introduction
	2 An Overview of Generative Lexicon Theory
	3 Researches on Mental Verbs Denoting Affection
	4 Researches on the Collocations of Mental Verbs Denoting Affection in Dictionaries
	5 The Descriptions of the Mental Verbs Denoting Affection Within the Framework of Generative Lexicon Theory
		5.1 The Collocations of 爱ài ‘Love’ and 热爱rèài ‘ Love Ardently ‘ in the Corpora
		5.2 Lexical Representations of 爱ài ‘Love’ And热爱 rèài ‘Love Ardently’
		5.3 The Characteristics of Nouns in Collocations with Mental Verbs Denoting Affection
		5.4 Generative Mechanisms in Semantic Interpretation: Researches of Various Collocations of Mental Verbs Denoting Affection
	6 Conclusions
	References
Profiling the Mandarin Physical Contact Verbs with ná, wò, chí and zhuā Using Collocational, Syntactic and Discourse Features
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Previous Studies on Near-Synonymous Verbs
		1.2 Previous Studies on Mandarin Physical Contact Verbs
		1.3 Behavioral Profiles: A Corpus-Based Approach for Synonym Study
	2 Preliminary Comparison of ná, wò, chí, and zhuā
		2.1 Collocational Features
		2.2 Syntactic Features
		2.3 Discourse Features
	3 Data and Method: Profiling ná, wò, chí, and zhuā
		3.1 Data Preparation
		3.2 Preliminary Findings: Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	Appendix 1. Overview of Feature Types and Number of Categories of Each Feature
	References
Temporal Hái in Mandarin Chinese Revisited: A Presuppositional Account
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Presupposed Contradiction and Temporal Hái
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study on Semantic Shift of Uncivilized Words in Bullet-Screen Comments
	1 Introduction
	2 Construction of a Semantic Shift Measurement Model for Bullet-Screen Comments
		2.1 Acquisition of Bullet-Screen Comments
		2.2 Selection of Uncivilized Words
		2.3 Analysis Steps of Bullet-Screen Comments
	3 Semantic Shift Measurement Based on Sentiment Lexicon
		3.1 肏cào’copulate’
		3.2 入rì’copulate’
		3.3 尻kāo’buttocks’
		3.4 屄bī’female Genitalia’
		3.5 屌diǎo’male Genitalia’
		3.6 妈mā’mother’
	4 Semantic Shift Measurement Based on PMI-IR Algorithm
		4.1 Selection of Emotional Seed Words
		4.2 Calculate the Mutual Information Value with the Emotional Seed Word
		4.3 Semantic Shift Calculation
		4.4 Measurement Results and Analysis
	5 Analysis of Semantic Shift Measurement Results
		5.1 Evolution of Members
		5.2 Semantic Evolution
	6 Analysis of the Motivation of Semantic Shift Evolution
		6.1 High-Frequency Use of Vocabulary
		6.2 Suppression of Co-Occurrence Words
		6.3 Development of Network Technology
		6.4 Influence of Psychological Factors
		6.5 Constraints of Cultural Factors
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Multiple Correspondence Analysis on the Adverbial Uses of the Chinese Color Term Bai ‘White’
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Data and Method
		3.1 Introduction to MCA
		3.2 Data Collection
		3.3 Data Annotation
	4 MCA Results and Analysis
		4.1 Identification of the Distinctive Usage Features
		4.2 Semantic Distribution
		4.3 Feature Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix 1
	References
The Semantic Interpretation of Implicit Negative Compound Nouns
	1 Introduction
	2 Expectations and Explicit Negation, Implicit Negation
		2.1 From the Perspective of the Relationship with Negation
		2.2 From the Perspective of the Extracting Difficulty
		2.3 From the Form of Expression
	3 Expectations and Explicit Negation, Implicit Negation
		3.1 Conventionalized Expectations
		3.2 The Semantic Types of Implicit Negation
	4 Conclusions and Related Discussions
	References
Semantic Preferences of Biran and Yiding: A Distinctive Collexeme Analysis of Chinese Near-Synonymous Constructions of “Mod + Verb”
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Corpus
		2.2 Distinctive Collexeme Analysis of “biran/yiding + verb”
	3 Results and Preliminary Discussion
		3.1 Verbal Collexemes Distinctively Attracted to Biran
		3.2 Verbal Collexemes Distinctively Attracted to Yiding
	4 Conclusion
	References
Zero Anaphora Errors and the Restriction Rules of Zero Anaphora in Discourse for Middle and Senior International Students
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview
	3 Corpus Selection and Processing
		3.1 Corpus Introduction
		3.2 Discourse Theory and Corpus Processing
	4 Zero Anaphora Error Analysis
		4.1 Lack of Zero Anaphora
		4.2 Overuse of Zero Anaphora
		4.3 The Usage Restriction Rules and Lexical Features of Zero Anaphora
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of the Spatial Dimension Adjective “Deep/Shallow” from the Perspective of Lexical Typology
	1 Introduction
	2 The Diachronic Semantic Evolution of “shen/qian” in Chinese
		2.1 The Diachronic Semantic Evolution of “shen”
		2.2 The Diachronic Semantic Evolution of “qian”
	3 Cross-Linguistic Analysis of Adjective “Deep/Shallow”
		3.1 Lexicalization
		3.2 Semantic Extension
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study on the Restraining Factors and Its Acting Forces of Selected Components of Chinese Abbreviations
	1 Introduction
	2 The Selecting of Corpus and the Description of Internal Segment
		2.1 The Selecting of Corpus
		2.2 The Definition and Delineation of Internal Segments
	3 Quantitative Tests of Constraining Factors on Abbreviation Components Selection
		3.1 Constraining Factor I: Selecting the First Character of the Internal Segment
		3.2 Constraining Factor II: The Grammatical Structure Remains Unchanged
		3.3 Constraining Factor III: The Ordering of Selective Components Remains Unchanged
		3.4 Constraining Factor IV: Selecting Components from as Many Internal Segments as Possible
		3.5 Constraining Factor V: Ability to Denote the Meaning of the Internal Segment
		3.6 Constraining Factor VI: Unique Form
		3.7 Constraining Factor VII: Disyllable
		3.8 Constraining Factor VIII: Same Consonant or Vowel
		3.9 Constraining Factor IX: Affected by Analogy
		3.10 Constraining Factor X: Different Social Usage
	4 Acting Force of Constraining Factors and Their Overlapping Effects
		4.1 The Magnitude of the Acting Force of the Constraining Factors
		4.2 Overlapping Effects of Constraining Factors
	5 Conclusion
	References
On the Verb Huaiyi with Passive Voice in Hong Kong-Style Chinese
	1 Introduction
	2 The Usage of “huaiyi passive”
		2.1 Acting as an Attributive
		2.2 Acting as a Predicate
	3 The Motivation of “huaiyi passive”
		3.1 The Dual Influence of English: Linguistical and Psychological
		3.2 The Implicit Experiencer of Chinese Grammar
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Semantic Characteristics of the Counter-Expectation Adverbs “Fǎn’ér” and “Ohiryo” in Chinese and Korean from the Perspective of Comparison
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Method
	4 Semantic Comparison of the Counter-Expectation Adverbs “Fǎnér” and “Ohiryo” in Chinese and Korean
		4.1 Inversion Relation
		4.2 Anti-recursion Relation
		4.3 Opposition(Juxtapostion) Relation
	5 The Semantic Similarities and Differences Between the Counter-Expectation Adverbs “Fǎnér” and “Ohiryo” in Chinese and Korean
	6 The Motivation Behind the Similarities and Differences Between the Chinese and Korean Counter-Expectation Adverbs “Fǎnér” and “Ohiryo”
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Cognitive Approach to the Semantic Change of the Polysemy gàng ‘Wooden Bar’
	1 Introduction
	2 Past Studies on Semantic Change and Polysemy
	3 Method
	4 Findings
		4.1 Semantic Analysis of 杠 gàng ‘Wooden bar’
		4.2 Metaphor and Metonymy in the Semantic Change of 杠 gàng ‘Wooden Bar’
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
An Analysis of One-Dimensional Adjectives from the Perspective of Lexical Semantic Typology
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction
		2.1 Parameters and Semantic Framework for the Basic Meanings of ‘LONG/SHORT’
		2.2 Parameters and Semantic Framework of Basic Meanings of ‘HIGH/LOW’
		2.3 Parameters and Semantic Framework of Basic Meanings of ‘DEEP/SHALLOW’
		2.4 Parameters and Semantic Framework for Basic Meanings of ‘FAR/NEAR’
	3 Cross-linguistic Comparison of Basic Meanings of One-Dimensional Spatial Dimension Adjectives
		3.1 Interrelation of Basic Meanings of One-Dimensional Spatial Dimension Adjectives
	4 Conclusion
	References
Semantic Analysis of the Tool-Meaning Quasi-Affixes “Jī, Qì, Yí and Jì”
	1 Introduction: Differentiation of Semantically Similar Affixes
	2 Semantic Features and Internal Differences of Tool-Meaning Quasi-Affixes
		2.1 Semantic Features of Tool-Meaning Quasi-Affixes
		2.2 The Semantic Difference Between “X jī 机” and “X qì 器”
		2.3 Semantic Features of “X yí 仪”
	3 Other Morphological Patterns in Tool Naming
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study of Adding Psychological Feeling into the Model of Synaesthesia at the Morpheme Level in Modern Chinese
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Questions and Hypotheses
	3 Selection of Data and Definition of Sensations
	4 Synaesthesia Mapping Phenomena in Lexicon
		4.1 Methods for Determining Synaesthesia in Corpus
		4.2 Mapping Statistics
		4.3 Psychological Feeling as an Important Characteristic of Synaesthesia Mapping in Chinese
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix 1
	Appendix 2
	References
Analysis of the Form and Meaning in Collocation of Chinese “V + Color” Verb-Object Compounds
	1 Introduction
	2 Quantitative Analysis of “V + Color” Verb-Object Compounds in Chinese
		2.1 “V + lǜ ‘Green’” Verb-Object Compounds
		2.2 “V + hēi ‘Black’” Verb-Object Compounds
		2.3 “V + hóng ‘Red’” Verb-Object Compounds
		2.4 “V + qīng ‘Cyan’” Verb-Object Compounds
		2.5 “V + huáng ‘Yellow’” Verb-Object Compounds
		2.6 “V + bái ‘White’” Verb-Object Compounds
		2.7 “V + lán ‘Blue’” Verb-Object Compounds
		2.8 “V + zǐ ‘Purple’” Verb-Object Compounds
	3 Semantic Conversion Mechanism in Chinese Verb-Object Compounds “Verb + Color”
	4 Analysis of Productivity and Lexicalization of “V + color” Verb-Object Compounds
		4.1 Productive “Verb + Color” Verb-Object Compounds
		4.2 Non-productive “Verb + Color” Verb-Object Compounds
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Working Memory Capacity on the Figurative Language Processing of Chinese Second Language Learners
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Studies of Figurative Language and WMC
		1.2 The Present Study
	2 Methods
		2.1 Experimental Design
		2.2 Participants
		2.3 Materials
		2.4 Procedure
		2.5 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Descriptive Statistics
		3.2 Analysis of Mixed Effect Model
		3.3 Regression Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Study on the Use and Integration of the Network Buzzword ‘Rùn’
	1 Introduction
	2 The Emergence and Development of ‘Run’ in Mandarin Circles
		2.1 Basic Information of ‘Run’
		2.2 Development and Changes of Rùn
	3 The Spread and Integration of Rùn from a Global Chinese Perspective
		3.1 The Dissemination and Use of Rùn in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao Chinese Circle
		3.2 The Dissemination and Use of Rùn in Overseas Chinese Circles
	4 Sociolinguistic Interpretation of Rùn
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Semantic Analysis of Suffocate Verbs
	1 Introduction
	2 Semantic Roles and Event Relations of Suffocate Verbs
	3 The Semantic Entry for a Suffocate Verb
	4 Conclusion
	References
From Blame to Exclamation: On the Lexicalization Mechanism and Syntactic-Semantic Function of Cross-Layer Sequence Form “guài zhǐ guài”
	1 Introduction
	2 The Syntactic Effects of Cross-Layer Lexicalization of guài zhǐ guài
		2.1 Cross-Layer Lexicalization of guài zhǐ guài
		2.2 The Syntactic Identity and Position of guài zhǐ guài
	3 Semantic Function Analysis of guài zhǐ guài
		3.1 Basic Semantic Function of guài zhǐ guài - Blaming
		3.2 The Pragmatic Expansion of guài zhǐ guài - Expressing a Lamenting Tone
	4 Several Comparisons of Similar Structures
		4.1 guài zhǐ guài vs. yào guài zhǐ guài and yào guài zhǐ néng guài
		4.2 guài zhǐ guài vs. zhǐ guài, dōu guài, quán guài and jiù guài
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Research on the Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Comparative Characteristics of the Yu Zhi Zeng Ding Qing Wen Jian Dictionary
	1 Introduction
	2 The Characteristics of the Collection of Bilingual Manchu-Chinese Entries in Yu Zhi Zeng Ding Qing Wen Jian
		2.1 Dictionary Changed From Manchu Monolingual to Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Comparison Mode
		2.2 Standardize Entries by Using Three Methods: Adding, Replacing, and Deleting
	3 The Influence of Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Comparison Model on the Translation of Dictionary Vocabulary
		3.1 Changes in Category Names After Chinese Translation
		3.2 Changes in the Genus of Some Entries
	4 The Effect and Influence of Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Comparison Model on the Compilation Style of Dictionary
		4.1 Semantics and Pronunciation of Entries Were Fixed Through Bilingual Comparison Mode
		4.2 Inheriting Ancient Chinese Dictionaries and Influencing the Compilation of Bilingual Dictionaries in Later Generations
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Study on the Combination of the “Artificial/Natural” Semantics in the Chinese NN Attributive-Head Compounds
	1 Introduction
	2 Principles of Semantic Description in Chinese NN Attributive-Head Compounds
	3 Semantic Combination Features of NN Attributive-Head Compounds in Artificial Category
		3.1 Analysis on Semantic Combination for Consistent Mode NN Attributive-Head Compounds
		3.2 Analysis of Semantic Combination for Inconsistent Mode NN Attributive-Head Compounds
	4 Semantic Combination Features of NN Attributive-Head Compounds in Nature Category
		4.1 Analysis on Semantic Combination for Consistent Mode NN Attributive-Head Compounds
		4.2 Analysis on Semantic Combination for Inconsistent Mode NN Attributive-Head Compounds
	5 Interaction Between Whole-Word Semantic Classification and Component Semantic Classification
		5.1 The Influence of Component Semantic Classification on Whole-Word
		5.2 The Influence of Whole-Word Semantic Classification on Component Semantic Classification
	6 Conclusion
	References
Author Index