Chinese History And Civilisation: An Urban Perspective

Contents
About the Author
Preface
Introduction: Civilisation, City, History, and Chinese Characteristics
	THE DEFINITION OF CIVILISATION
	CIVILISATION AND THE CITY: CITY AS FOUNDATION FOR CIVILISED SOCIETY
	CIVILISATION, CITY AND HISTORY
	TYPES OF CIVILISATIONS, CONFLICT OF CIVILISATIONS AND FAILURE OF CIVILISATIONS
		A. Riverine/Primary Civilisation
		B. Maritime Civilisations/Secondary Civilisations
		C. Failure of Civilisations and Conflict of Civilisations
	MAJOR VIEWPOINTS ON CHINA’ URBAN CIVILISATION
		A. Civilisation and Culture: Content of Civilisation
		B. The Chinese View on Culture and Civilisation
		C. Moral and Pacific Qualities of Chinese Civilisation
		D. The Persistence and Sustainability of Chinese Civilisation
		Defence Depth: Vast Territorial Expanse, Natural Protection on Three Sides
		Attributes of Righteousness and Peaceful Coexistence
	ORGANISATION OF THE BOOK
Chapter One China’s Urban Civilisation: Origin and Stages of Development
	LOCAL ORIGIN OF THE CHINESE
	DIVERSITY OF EARLY CULTURES
	WHEN DID CHINA CROSS THE THRESHOLD OF CIVILISATION?
Chapter Two From Village to Proto-cities of Late Yangshao Period
	EARLY CULTURES BEFORE THE ADVENT OF CIVILISATION
	SETTLEMENTS IN LATE YANGSHAO
		A. Jiangzhai I
		B. Dadiwan IV
		C. Proto-city
	NATURE OF THE PROTO-CITY
Chapter Three Longshan: Early City-states
	CITY-STATE CONCEPT
	CITY-STATES IN WESTERN ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS
		A. City-states in ancient Egypt
		B. City-states in Mesopotamia
	SOCIETY IN LONGSHAN PERIOD
	LONGSHAN SETTLEMENTS AND CITIES
		A. City Structure and Function
			1. Liangzhu
			2. Taosi
			3. Shimao
			4. Shijiahe
	CONCLUSION: URBAN CIVILISATION OF THE LONGSHAN PERIOD
Chapter Four Xia Dynasty: Civilisation in the Early Bronze Age
	XIA DYNASTY SET THE FOUNDATION FOR CHINA’S CIVILISATION
	XIA DYNASTY SEEN FROM ANCIENT TEXTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS
		A. King List and Major Historical Events
		B. Territorial Composition of the Empire
			1. Capital cities
			B. Xia Territory and the Feudal System
	XIA OPENED A NEW ERA IN CHINESE CIVILISATION
		A. Start of the Bronze Age
		B. Rite and Music System and the Hereditary Empire
	XIA’S SPATIAL ORGANISATION AND URBAN SYSTEM
		A. The Core
		B. The Periphery
	XIA URBAN CIVILISATION AS REFLECTED BY THE CAPITAL CITY ERLITOU
		A. Erlitou
		B. The Audience Hall and Ancestral Temple
		C. Craft and Commoners Quarters
		D. Other Cities
	CONCLUSION: FIRST HEREDITARY STATE IN CHINESE CIVILISATION
		A. Xia Dynasty was a Real Existence
		B. From Grand Harmony (大同) to a Well-off (小康) Feudal Society
		C. Hereditary Feudal Empire and Capital City Planning
Chapter Five Shang Urbanism at the Climax of Bronze Metallurgy
	FIRST DYNASTY WITH SURVIVING WRITTEN HISTORY
	SHANG STATE AND SHANG CIVILISATION
		A. Early Shang: Xiaqiyuan Culture
		B. Shang’s King List, Patrilineal Succession (兄終弟及)
	RULING PHILOSOPHY, SOCIETY, ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM AND TERRITORY OF SHANG
		A. The Benevolent Monarch
		B. Territorial Extent and Composition
		C. Administration and Military Arrangement
		D. Economy, Taxation, Currency, Trade and Code of Law
		E. Bronze Metallurgy and its Spread
	SHANG URBAN DEVELOPMENT
		A. Urban System in Erligang
			(I) Capital City
			(II) Regional Centres within 300 km of the Capital Hao
			(III) Regional Centres in the Periphery
		B. Urban System in Late Shang (Yinxu)
	CONCLUSION: FEUDALISM THAT CHARACTERISED CHINESE URBAN CIVILISATION
Chapter Six Matured Canons, Laws, and Institutions: Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States
	HISTORICAL WATERSHED IN CHINESE CIVILISATION
	ZHOU STATE AND ITS IDEOLOGY
		A. Feudal System
		B. Zhou Territory and Bureaucracy
		C. Zong Fa System and the New State Religion
		D. Well-field System (井田制) and Town and Country Divide
	LAWS, CANONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND EDUCATION
		A. Five Classics (五經)
		B. Education to Civilise: the System and its Curriculum
	“KAO GONG JI” AND CHINESE CITY PLANNING
		A. Principles, Procedures, and the Ideal Layout of the Capital City
		B. Wang Cheng — the Imperial City
	FEUDALISM REPLACED BY NEW CENTRALISM — THE IRON AGE
	NEW URBANISM IN EASTERN ZHOU AND WARRING STATES
		A. Linzi (臨淄)
		B. Qufu (曲阜)
	CONCLUSION: FORMALISED CHINESE CITY FORM
Chapter Seven Qin and Han: Centralised Territorial State and the Administrative City
	NEW IMPERIAL DYNASTY AND THE NOTION OF ‘CHINA’
	NEW ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC SETTING
	URBANISATION AND THE CITY IN THE HAN
	HAN DYASTY CITY STRUCTURE
		A. Changan
		B. Luoyang
		C. Linzi
		D. Wan
		E. Chengdu
		F. Handan
	CONCLUSION
Chapter Eight Tang: Golden Age of the Confucian Model
	FROM FRAGMENTATION TO GREAT UNITY
	TANG GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND SOCIETY
	URBANISATION AND CITY GROWTH IN THE TANG
		A. New Metropolises in South China
		B. Canal Cities
		C. Cities along the Yangtze
		D. Seaport Cities in the Southeast
		E. Administrative and Military Cities
	TANG DYNASTY CITY STRUCTURE
		A. Changan
		B. Luoyang (Capital of Bei Wei)
		C. Guangling (Yangzhou)
		D. Panyu (番禺, present day Guangzhou)
	CONCLUSION
Chapter Nine Song Renaissance and the New Urbanity
	INTRODUCTION: NEW HEIGHTS IN CHINESE CIVILISATION
	CHARACTERISTICS OF SONG SOCIETY
		A. Decline of Military Prowess
		B. Ascendance of Civilian Officials and Revival of Confucianism
		C. The Mercantile State
	URBANISATION DYNAMICS IN THE SONG
		A. Growth of the Urban Economy
		B. Emergence of Commercial Townships and ‘Grass Markets’
		C. Growth of Riverside, Coastal and Frontier Urban Centres
	A NEW URBAN SOCIETY
		A. New Urban Capitalist Class
		B. Emergence of the Urban Masses
		C. Change in Urban Function and Urban-rural Relationship
	KEY CITIES WITHIN THE CHINESE GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE (970–1279 AD)
		A. Kaifeng (開封)
		B. Linan (臨安, Present Day Hangzhou)
		C. Pingjiang (平江, Present Day Suzhou)
		D. Mingzhou (明州, Present day Ningbo)
		E. Cities in Xi Xia, Liao and Jin
	CONCLUSION: INNOVATIONS LED TO DEVELOPMENT IN CIVILISATION
Chapter Ten Ming Dynasty: Reconstruction of Chinese Civilisation after the Yuan
	URBAN CIVILISATION DOWNTURN IN THE YUAN
		A. Yuan Succeeded Song, Yet Chinese Civilisation Persisted Under Duress
		B. Pro-Mongol Discrimination Hurt Cultural and Economic Development
		C. Urban Development Tilted Towards South China
	MING: REVIVAL OF CHINESE CIVILISATION AND SELF-ESTEEM
		A. Military Prowess and Territorial Security
		B. Revival of “Rule by Virtue” (德治), Education and “State of Rituals and Righteousness” (禮義之邦)
		C. Economic Development
	URBANISATION IN THE MING
	MING CITY EXAMPLES
		A. Nanjing
		B. Beijing
		C. Linqing
		D. Datong
	CONCLUSION: CHINESE CIVILISATION RESURGED
Chapter Eleven Qing China: From Neo-Confucianism to Confrontation with the West
	QING DYNASTY: WATERSHED IN CHINESE HISTORY
		A. Manchu Rule: Another Example of Integration with Frontier Minorities
		B. Revenge for the Ming Emperor: Unity of Han and Non-Han Peoples
		C. Neo-Confucian Policies: Agriculture, Righteous Rule and Education
	QING URBANISATION, PERIOD I: TRADITIONAL URBANISM
		A. Dynamics of Urban Growth
			1. Administration and frontier defence
			2. Development of inter-regional trade
			3. New globalisation factor
		B. Neo-Confucianism
	QING URBANISM: PERIOD II — COMING OF WESTERN INFLUENCES
		A. Influence of Western Powers
		B. Urbanisation Under Western Sway
		C. New City Types Impacted by Western Influence
		D. Other Modern Cities and the Spatial Pattern of Urbanisation
	CITY EXAMPLES
		A. Guangzhou
		B. Xi’an
		C. Hankou
		D. Shanghai
	CONCLUSION: CONFLICT OF CIVILISATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND WESTERN POWERS
		A. Neo-Confucianism in Early Qing
		B. Warning Call for Chinese Civilisation
Chapter Twelve People’s Republic: Chinese Civilisation with Socialist Approach
	SEARCH FOR SOLUTION TO CHINA’S MODERN PROBLEMS
	SOCIALIST APPROACH OF THE PRC (1949–1981)
		A. Mao Zedong led His People Back on Their Feet
		B. Cities as Containers of the New Chinese Civilisation
		C. Role of the City Under China’s Socialism
	URBANISATION PROCESS BEFORE THE OPENING AND REFORM, 1949–1981
		A. Definition of City and Township and a New Planned Development
		B. Impact of the Great Leap Forward
		C. Impact of the Cultural Revolution
	MAOIST URBAN CIVILISATION (1949–1981)
		A. Massive Organised Migrations
		B. ‘Production First; Livelihood Second’
		C. Functional Transformation of the City
		D. The City-Region
		E. Socialist Elements in the Planning of the Internal Structure of the City
	TRANSITION TO SOCIALIST-MARKET ECONOMY (1981–2020)
		A. Post Cold War Opening and Reform
		B. A New Stage of Globalisation
		C. Emergence of Extended Metropolitan Regions
		D. Shenzhen: the Transitional City
	PEACEFUL REEMERGENCE: 2005 AND AFTER
	CONCLUSION: A NEW PAGE OF CHINESE URBAN CIVILISATION
Chapter Thirteen Message from the Evolution of China’s Urban Civilisation
	CITY AND CIVILISATION
	THE EVOLUTION OF CHINA’S URBAN CIVILISATION
		A. From Round Moated Settlements to the Emergence of Civilisation in Longshan Cities
		B. Sandai: Establishment of Rule of Righteousness and Following Music and Rituals
		C. Confucianism from Han to Qing dynasties
		D. The Five Axes of Chinese Civilisation
	CHANGES IN THE TRADITIONAL CHINESE CITY
	DELIBERATION ON CONTEMPORARY DIRECTION OF CHINESE CIVILISATION
		1. Characteristics of Chinese Civilisation
		2. Capabilities of Chinese Civilisation to Respond to Challenges
		3. Discourse on Conflict of Civilisation and ‘End of History’
		4. The China Model: Beijing Consensus
	CHINESE CULTURAL RENAISSANCE
		A. Improving the Path of Sustainable Development: Party Discipline, Rule of Law and Spatial Connectivity
		B. One Belt One Road Initiative and ‘Community of Shared Future for Mankind’
References
	CHINESE LITERATURE
	ENGLISH LITERATURE
	ONLINE MATERIALS
Index