China’s Foreign Trade: Strategies, Institutions and Legislations

Series Preface
Contents
1 A Centralized Management System, 1949–1952
	1.1 Historical Background
	1.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		1.2.1 Overview
		1.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		1.2.3 The Structure and Modes of Foreign Trade
	1.3 Establishment of a Centrally Managed Foreign Trade System
		1.3.1 Establishment of the Foreign Trade Management Authority of the People’s Republic of China
		1.3.2 Establishment of the “Centralized Management System” of Foreign Trade
	1.4 Foreign Trade Companies Under the Centralized Management System
		1.4.1 Import and Export Trade by State-Owned Economic Entities
		1.4.2 Foreign Trade by Cooperatives
		1.4.3 Private Import and Export Traders
		1.4.4 Joint Ventures of Import and Export Trade Associations
	1.5 Policy of the State Control of Foreign Trade
	1.6 Evaluation of the Foreign Trade System and Practices
2 From Centralized Control to Central Planning, 1953–1966
	2.1 Historical Background
		2.1.1 The First Five-Year Plan, Tepid Growth from 1953 to 1957
		2.1.2 The Second Five-Year Plan, Setbacks from 1958 to 1961
		2.1.3 Adjustments from 1962 to 1966
	2.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		2.2.1 Overview
		2.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		2.2.3 The Structure and Modes of Trade
	2.3 Foreign Trade Management System
		2.3.1 Construction of Foreign Trade Operation and Management Organizations
		2.3.2 Institutional Construction of Foreign Trade
		2.3.3 Building a Management System for Foreign Trade
	2.4 Foreign Trade Policies
	2.5 Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		2.5.1 Transformation of the System of Foreign Trade from “Unified” to “Planned”
		2.5.2 Progress in Foreign Trade
		2.5.3 Practical Lessons: Priority to Economic Interests in Foreign Trade, Instead of “Leaning to One Side”
3 A Growing Number of Trading Partners, 1966–1976
	3.1 Historical Background
		3.1.1 The State of the National Economy
		3.1.2 Diplomatic Strategies and International Relations: From Isolation to Openness
	3.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		3.2.1 Overview
		3.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		3.2.3 The Commodity Structure and Modes of Foreign Trade
	3.3 The System of Foreign Trade
		3.3.1 Changes in the System of Foreign Trade
		3.3.2 Functions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Trade Companies
	3.4 Foreign Trade Policies
		3.4.1 The “Four-Three Scheme”
		3.4.2 New Initiatives in Overseas Economic and Trade Relations
	3.5 Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		3.5.1 Progress in the Development of Foreign Trade
		3.5.2 Experience and Lessons of the System and Policies of Foreign Trade
4 Loosening Control and Diversifying Trade Models, 1976–1978
	4.1 Historical Background
	4.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		4.2.1 Overview
		4.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		4.2.3 The Structure and Modes of Foreign Trade
		4.2.4 Trading Modes
	4.3 The Institutional Framework and Organizational Configuration of Foreign Trade
	4.4 Foreign Trade Policies
		4.4.1 The Continuation of Basic Guideline and Policies After the Founding of the New Republic
		4.4.2 Policy Instruments for Speeding up the Growth of Foreign Trade
	4.5 Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		4.5.1 Progress
		4.5.2 Experience and Lessons from the System and Policies of Foreign Trade
5 Initial Steps in Institutional Reform, 1979–1984
	5.1 Historical Background
	5.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		5.2.1 Overview
		5.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		5.2.3 The Structure and Modes of Trade
	5.3 Initial Reform of the System of Foreign Trade
		5.3.1 Adjustments of Foreign Trade Administrations
		5.3.2 Breaking up of Monopolization, Decentralization of Foreign Trade Operational Rights
		5.3.3 Piloting of Industrial and Trade Integration
		5.3.4 The System of Import and Export Agencies
		5.3.5 Strengthening the Administrative Management of Foreign Trade
		5.3.6 Reform of the Planning System of Foreign Trade
		5.3.7 Reform of the Foreign Trade Financial System
	5.4 Formation of Export-Oriented Trade Policies
		5.4.1 Foreign Currency Retention
		5.4.2 Differential Operations
		5.4.3 Policies on Tariff
	5.5 Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		5.5.1 Historic High in Total Value of Imports and Exports, and New Progress in Trade Relations
		5.5.2 Greater Variety and Changing Composition of Exported Goods
		5.5.3 Diversified Utilization of Foreign Capitals, a Rapidly Increasing Scale
		5.5.4 Rapid Development of the Processing Trade
		5.5.5 Planned and Selective Introduction of Advanced Technologies
6 The Foreign Trade Contract Responsibility System, 1984–1989
	6.1 Historical Background
	6.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		6.2.1 Overview
		6.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		6.2.3 The Structure and Modes of Trade
	6.3 Reform of the Foreign Trade System
	6.4 Foreign Trade Policies
		6.4.1 Trade Policies of the Special Economic Zones
		6.4.2 Chambers of Commerce for Imports and Exports
	6.5 Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		6.5.1 Evaluation of the Development of Trade
		6.5.2 The Evaluation of the Reform of the System of Foreign Trade
7 Toward a Market-Driven Foreign Trade System, 1989–1992
	7.1 Historical Background
	7.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		7.2.1 Overview
		7.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		7.2.3 Foreign Trade Structure and Modes
	7.3 The System of Foreign Trade
		7.3.1 The Reform of the System of Contract Management Responsibility for Foreign Trade
		7.3.2 Reform of the Operational Mechanism of Foreign Trade Companies
	7.4 Foreign Trade Policies
	7.5 The Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		7.5.1 Evaluation of the Progress Made in the Development of Foreign Trade
		7.5.2 Evaluation of the Reform of the System of Foreign Trade
8 Accelerated Market Reform and Final Push Toward WTO Membership, 1992–2001
	8.1 Historical Background
	8.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		8.2.1 Overview
		8.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		8.2.3 The Structure and Trading Modes
	8.3 The System of Foreign Trade
		8.3.1 The Establishment of the Socialist Market Economy and the Marketization Reform of the System of Foreign Trade
		8.3.2 Foreign Trade Legislations
		8.3.3 Changes in the Structure of Foreign Trade Organizations
	8.4 Foreign Trade Policies
	8.5 The Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		8.5.1 Progress in Foreign Trade
		8.5.2 Experience and Lessons on the System and Policies of Foreign Trade
9 Trade Under the WTO, 2001–2008
	9.1 Historical Background
	9.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		9.2.1 Overview
		9.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		9.2.3 The Structure of Foreign Trade and Trading Modes
	9.3 Trading Modes
	9.4 The System of Foreign Trade
		9.4.1 Foreign Trade Law of 2004
		9.4.2 Establishment and Reform of the Ministry of Commerce
	9.5 Foreign Trade Policies
		9.5.1 Factors Affecting Trade Policies
		9.5.2 The Reform of the Foreign Trade Policy Related to WTO Accession Commitments
		9.5.3 Policies Regarding Export Tax Rebates
	9.6 Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		9.6.1 Progress in Foreign Trade
		9.6.2 Problems in the System and Policies of Foreign Trade
10 Increasing Frictions and Adaptation, 2009–2019
	10.1 Historical Background
	10.2 The State of Foreign Trade
		10.2.1 Overview
		10.2.2 Major Trading Partners
		10.2.3 The Structure and Mode of Trade
	10.3 The System of Foreign Trade
		10.3.1 Fulfillment of the WTO Accession Commitments
		10.3.2 Maintaining and Promotion of the System of Free Trade
	10.4 Foreign Trade Policies
		10.4.1 Embracing Bilateral Free Trade Agreements
		10.4.2 The Reform of Foreign Trade Facilitation
		10.4.3 Pilot Free Trade Zones and the Construction of Free Trade Ports
		10.4.4 Foreign Trade Policies Under the Framework of “the Belt and Road” Cooperation
		10.4.5 US-China Trade Dispute and the Direction of China’s Foreign Trade Policy Reform
	10.5 Evaluation of the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
		10.5.1 New Progress in Foreign Trade
		10.5.2 Experience and Lessons on the System and Practices of Foreign Trade
References