China Among Unequals: Asymmetric Foreign Relationships in Asia

Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	Structure
	Asymmetric International Relationships
	Underpinnings of China’s Foreign Policy
	China and the United States
	China and Asia
Part I. Asymmetric International Relationships
	Chapter 1. Recognition, Deference, and Respect: Generalizing the Lessons of an Asymmetric Asian Order
		What is International Asymmetry?
		Asymmetric Differences: Order versus Boundaries
		Normal Asymmetric Relationships: Recognition, Deference, and Respect
		Leadership in an Asymmetric World
		Cycles of Domination and Resistance
		Managing Asymmetric Relationships
		Asymmetry and the Problem of Novelty
	Chapter 2. The United States, Human Rights, and Moral Autonomy in the Post-Cold War World
		Thomas Jefferson, Human Rights, and Independence
		The Dialectic of Universal Standards and Moral Autonomy
		Asymmetry and Accountability
		Beyond Unilateral Universalism
	Chapter 3. Dissecting Soft Power: Attention, Attraction, Persuasion
		Joseph Nye’s Soft Power
		Too Soft?
		Common Purposes and Unequal Partners
		Leading the Dance
	Chapter 4. The Dilemma of Regional Powers
		What is a Regional Power?
		Taking Asymmetry Seriously
		Centricity and Regional Leadership
		Coping with the Larger Matrix
		Multinodality and the Globalization of Regional Leadership
		Conclusion
	Chapter 5. Democratic Defeatism: Reconsidering the Logic of Asymmetric Wars
		Democracies as Losers
		The Durability of Asymmetric Conflict
		Asymmetric Peace
		Conclusion
Part II. Underpinnings of China’s Foreign Policy
	Chapter 6. China Between Region and World
		China as a Region-State
		China as Multiregional Power
		China as a Global Presence
		Conclusion: China and Multipolarity
	Chapter 7. Traditional China and the Globalization of International Relations Thinking
		The Middle Kingdom
		The Limits of Land
		Centrality and Polarity
		The Management of Superiority
		The West and the Conceptualization of International Relations
		The Limits of the Middle Sea
		The West as the Middle Power
		Lessons from Chinese History
		Lessons for a Globalized China
		Global Lessons
	Chapter 8. Sustainable International Leadership: Lessons from the Sino–Vietnamese Relationship, 968–1885
		The Western Competitive Model of International Relations
		Overview of Sino–Vietnamese Relations, 968–1885
		Lessons from the Ming Occupation, 1407–27
		Role-Based Sustainable Leadership
		General Lessons for the Present Era
	Chapter 9. China as a Normative Foreign Policy Actor
		China’s Norms in Historical Context
			Norms and Chinese Norms
			From Empire to Victim
			Virtue and the New Communist Order, 1949–70
			Evolution of Reform Era Norms
		Cases
		Normative Success: China-ASEAN Cooperation, 1997–Present
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Normative Failure: The Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, 1950–55
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Realpolitik Success: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Realism Failure: Khmer Rouge Support 1977–90
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Imperial Success: The Sino-Indian Conflict of 1962
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Imperial Failure: Hostilities with Vietnam, 1977–90
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Status Quo Success: Cambodia, 1991–
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Status Quo Failure: Myanmar 1988–2007
			Narrative
			Goals, Means, and Outcome
			Conditioning Factors
		Can These Cases Be Mapped?
		General Lessons from China as a Normative Foreign Policy Actor
	Chapter 10. Asymmetry Theory and China’s Concept of Multipolarity
		The Emergence of Multipolarity Theory in China
		Empirical Problems of Multipolarity
		Normative Problems of Multipolarity
		Multipolarity Theory: A Subtotal
		Asymmetry Theory
		Asymmetry and Multipolarity
		Conclusion: Asymmetric Multipolarity and the Post-Cold War Era
Part III. China and the United States
	Chapter 11. The Brightest House: Civilization and Asymmetry
		Civilizational Clashes
		One World, Two Perspectives
		Beyond Huntington
		Principles of Sustainable Global Leadership
	Chapter 12. The Reality and Limits of American Power
		Reality of US power
			Political
			Security
			Military
			Economic
			Media
		Limits of American Power
			Political
			Security
			Military
			Economy
			Media
		Implications for World Order
	Chapter 13. How Size Matters: The United States, China, and Asymmetry
		The United States and China and their Neighbors
		How Size Matters
		Being Big After the Cold War
			China
			United States
		China vis-à-vis US
	Chapter 14. United States and China’s Rise: Parity and the Accommodation of Civilizations
		China’s Rise and the Specter of Parity
		The Reality of Difference
		Mohe: Friction and Accommodation
		Conclusion: Approximation and the Burden of Diplomacy
Part IV. China and Asia
	Chapter 15. Asymmetric Triangles and the Washington–Beijing–Taipei Relationship
		Traditional Strategic Triangular Analysis
			Modified Strategic Triangular Analysis
		Inner Logic of ST: Power Asymmetry
		Disgruntlement and Diplomatic Alternatives in the Triangle
			The Problem of X: Peace-Holding
			The Problem of  : Frustration
			The Problem of Z: Vulnerability
		US-Pivoted WBT Triangle
			1950–2008: The Triangle Established and in Operation
			2008: From Hard to Soft Triangle?
		Conclusion: Triangles and Beyond
	Chapter 16. The United States and Sino–Vietnamese Relations
		Evolution of the American Perspective
		American Prospects in East Asia and the Sino–Vietnamese Relationship
		Explaining American Perspectives
		Conclusion
	Chapter 17. Asymmetry and Systemic Misperception: China, Vietnam, and Cambodia during the 1970s
		Asymmetry and its Consequences
		Structural Misperception
		Beyond the Golden Rule
		Archetypal Cases of Asymmetric Misperception
		China and Vietnam in the 1970s
		Vietnam and Cambodia in the 1970s
		Conclusion: Asymmetry in Extremis, and Beyond
	Chapter 18. China and Southeast Asia: Asymmetry, Leadership, and Normalcy
		Normalcy and Relative Power
		Why Normalcy is not Inevitable
		Asymmetry and Leadership
		Normalcy’s Momentum
		The American Threat and China’s Challenge
		Conclusion
	Chapter 19. Vietnam and China in an Era of Economic Uncertainty
		The Global Economic Crisis
			The Pre-Crisis Situation
			Global Uncertainty
			Global Certainties
		Challenges for Vietnam and China in the New Era
			Similarities
			Differences
		The Vietnam–China Relationship in the New Era
		Conclusion
	Chapter 20. Korea and Vietnam: Similarities and Differences in their Relationships to China
		China and Vietnam
		China and Korea
		The Structure of an Asymmetric Relationship
		Differences Between Sino–Vietnamese and Sino–Korean Relations
Bibliography
Index