Children with Disabilities

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the Online Companion Materials......Page 14
About the Online Companion Materials for Faculty......Page 16
About the Editors......Page 18
Contributors......Page 20
A Personal Note to the Reader......Page 26
Preface......Page 28
Acknowledgments......Page 31
Letters from Andrew Batshaw......Page 32
Part I: As Life Begins......Page 36
Chapter 1. The Genetics Underlying Developmental Disabilities......Page 38
Chromosomes......Page 39
Cell Division and Its Disorders......Page 40
Genes and Their Disorders......Page 43
Genetic Testing......Page 52
Environmental Influences on Heredity......Page 54
Genetic Therapies......Page 55
Chapter 2. Environmental Exposures......Page 58
The Developing Brain and Toxic Exposure......Page 59
Specific Neurotoxicants......Page 60
The Societal Cost of Environmental Toxicants......Page 66
Public Policy Implications......Page 67
Chapter 3. Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis......Page 72
Genetic Assessment and Carrier Detection......Page 73
Screening Tests During Pregnancy......Page 75
Alternative Reproductive Choices......Page 81
Psychosocial Implications of Prenatal Testing......Page 84
What Is a Screening Test?......Page 88
Why Screen Newborns?......Page 89
How Is Newborn Screening Done?......Page 93
What Happens to Children with Confirmed Disease?......Page 94
How Can Screening Fail?......Page 95
The Past, Present, and Future of Newborn Screening......Page 96
Chapter 5. Premature and Small-for-Dates Infants......Page 100
Definitions of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight......Page 101
Causes of Premature Birth......Page 102
Complications of Prematurity......Page 104
Medical and Developmental Care of Low Birth Weight Infants......Page 110
Care After Discharge from the Hospital......Page 111
Neurodevelopmental Outcome......Page 112
Part II: The Child’s Body: Physiology......Page 118
Chapter 6. Fetal Development......Page 120
Human Development......Page 121
Maternal, Fetal, and Placental Origins of Developmental Disorders......Page 125
Evaluation of Fetal Development......Page 129
Overview of Management Strategies......Page 130
The World We See......Page 134
The World We Hear......Page 139
The World We Feel......Page 147
Sensory Integration and Motor Control......Page 148
Chapter 8. The Brain and Nervous System......Page 154
The Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 155
The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 163
The Microscopic Architecture of the Brain......Page 164
Techniques for Evaluating the Central Nervous System......Page 166
Chapter 9. Muscles, Bones, and Nerves......Page 174
Overview of the Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Systems......Page 175
Symptoms and Signs of Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Disorders......Page 176
Laboratory Testing and Radiography......Page 178
Disorders of the Neuromuscular System......Page 179
Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System......Page 184
Management Principles......Page 186
Chapter 10. Nutrition......Page 194
Typical Growth During Childhood......Page 195
Nutritional Issues in Children with Developmental Disabilities......Page 196
Medical Nutritional Therapy......Page 200
Special Nutritional Concerns in Children with Disabilities......Page 202
Nutrition within Complementary Health Approaches......Page 205
Part III: Developmental Assessment......Page 210
Chapter 11. Child Development......Page 212
Defining Child Development......Page 213
Theoretical Perspectives on Development......Page 214
Developmental Milestones......Page 216
Development and Adaptation: Trends and Key Milestones......Page 218
Distinguishing Typical and Atypical Development......Page 229
Chapter 12. Diagnosing Developmental Disabilities......Page 234
Developmental Principles......Page 235
Atypical Patterns of Development......Page 236
Diagnostic Classification......Page 239
The Diagnostic Process......Page 243
Chapter 13. Neuropsychological Assessment......Page 260
A Model for Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment......Page 261
Domains of Functioning Assessed in Neuropsychological Evaluations......Page 264
Ensuring That Assessment Informs Management......Page 269
Part IV: Developmental Disabilities......Page 282
Chapter 14. Intellectual Disability......Page 284
Defining Intellectual Disability......Page 285
Classification of Intellectual Disability......Page 286
Prevalence of Intellectual Disability......Page 288
Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations......Page 290
Medical Diagnostic Testing......Page 291
Comorbid/Associated Conditions......Page 292
Treatment, Management, and Interventions......Page 293
Outcome......Page 296
Chapter 15. Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome......Page 300
Down Syndrome......Page 301
Fragile X Syndrome......Page 309
Chapter 16. Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 320
Types of Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 321
Diagnostic Testing......Page 326
Therapeutic Approaches......Page 327
Outcome......Page 332
Chapter 17. Speech and Language Disorders......Page 336
Definitions, Descriptions, and Classifications......Page 337
Prevalence and Epidemiology......Page 342
Etiology......Page 344
Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 346
Treatment, Management, and Intervention......Page 347
Outcomes......Page 348
Chapter 18. Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 352
Definitions, Description, and Classifications......Page 354
Developmental Course of Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 358
Prevalence and Epidemiology......Page 359
Etiology: Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 361
Diagnosis and Assessment......Page 364
Associated Conditions......Page 366
Treatment, Management, and Interventions......Page 369
Outcomes......Page 372
Chapter 19. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 382
Diagnosis and ADHD Presentations......Page 383
Prevalence and Epidemiology......Page 385
Clinical Presentation......Page 386
Common Coexisting Conditions......Page 387
Associated Impairments......Page 388
Causes of ADHD......Page 390
The Evaluation Process......Page 393
Treatment of ADHD......Page 394
Treatment with Coexisting Conditions......Page 404
Alternative Therapies......Page 406
Outcome......Page 408
Chapter 20. Specific Learning Disabilities......Page 430
Defining Learning Disorders......Page 432
Etiology: Biological and Environmental Factors......Page 436
Classifying Learning Disorders......Page 437
Impairments Associated with Specific Learning Disabilities......Page 440
Health Problems Simulating Specific Learning Disabilities......Page 442
Assessment Procedures......Page 443
Intervention Strategies......Page 444
Outcome......Page 449
Chapter 21. Cerebral Palsy......Page 458
What Causes Cerebral Palsy?......Page 459
Risk Factors......Page 461
Diagnosis......Page 462
Subtypes of Cerebral Palsy......Page 469
Associated Impairments in Cerebral Palsy......Page 471
Comprehensive Management for Individuals with Cerebral Palsy......Page 472
Future Directions......Page 484
Chapter 22. Epilepsy......Page 492
Epilepsy: Definitions and Classification......Page 493
Diagnosis and Evaluation......Page 502
Treatment......Page 504
Multidisciplinary Care......Page 508
Outcome......Page 509
Chapter 23. Acquired Brain Injury......Page 516
Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 518
Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 520
Nontraumatic Acquired Brain Injury......Page 525
Rehabilitation and Outcomes......Page 529
Prevention......Page 532
Chapter 24. Developmental Disability in Chronic Disease......Page 542
Sickle Cell Disease......Page 543
Congenital Heart Disease......Page 545
Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 549
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia and Brain Cancer......Page 551
Part V: Associated Disabilities......Page 558
Chapter 25. Visual Impairment......Page 560
Definitions, Descriptions, and Classifications......Page 561
Etiology and Associations with Specific Developmental Disabilities......Page 563
Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations......Page 566
Treatment, Management, and Interventions......Page 569
Outcomes......Page 574
Chapter 26. Deaf/Hard of Hearing Plus......Page 576
Prevalence and Epidemiology......Page 577
Causes and Associations with Specific Developmental Disabilities......Page 580
Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations......Page 581
Outcomes......Page 584
Chapter 27. Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders......Page 590
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Children with Developmental Disabilities......Page 591
Causes of Psychiatric Disorders in Developmental Disabilities......Page 592
Psychiatric Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence......Page 593
Evaluation......Page 602
Treatment......Page 603
Sleep Architecture......Page 618
Insomnia......Page 619
Circadian Rhythm Disorders......Page 623
Disorders of Arousal/Partial Arousal Parasomnias......Page 625
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Obstructive Sleep Apnea......Page 628
Movement Disorders in Sleep: Restless Leg Syndrome, Periodic Limb Movement Disorder, and Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder......Page 631
Chapter 29. Feeding and Its Disorders......Page 636
The Feeding Process......Page 637
Etiology and Associations with Specific Developmental Disabilities......Page 642
Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations......Page 646
Monitoring, Screening, and Evaluation......Page 649
Treatment, Management, and Interventions......Page 650
Outcomes......Page 655
Part VI: Interventions......Page 660
Chapter 30. Interdisciplinary Education and Practice......Page 662
Defining Interdisciplinary Education and Practice......Page 663
The Growth and Development of Interdisciplinary Practice......Page 666
Measuring the Effects of Interdisciplinary Education and Practice......Page 667
Implementing and Sustaining Interdisciplinary Education and Practice......Page 668
Chapter 31. Early Intervention Services......Page 674
Components of Part C of IDEA: The Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities Program......Page 675
Outcomes......Page 681
Chapter 32. Rehabilitative Services......Page 684
Principles and Processes of Functional Assessment......Page 685
Principles of Treatment......Page 690
Chapter 33. Special Education Services......Page 702
Prevalence and Epidemiology......Page 704
Goals of Treatment: The Individualized Education Program......Page 708
Treatment, Management, and Interventions......Page 712
The Role of the Special Education Teacher in the General Education Curriculum......Page 715
The School–Parent Connection......Page 716
Outcomes......Page 717
Chapter 34. Behavioral Therapy......Page 722
Operant Conditioning......Page 724
Measurement and Data Analysis in Behavioral Treatments......Page 726
Behavioral Treatment of Challenging Behavior......Page 728
Chapter 35. Oral Health......Page 740
Oral Development......Page 741
Oral Diseases......Page 742
Oral Trauma......Page 743
Contributing Factors to Oral Conditions of Individuals with Disabilities......Page 744
Prevention of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease......Page 745
Special Issues in Dental Care for Children with Specific Developmental Disabilities......Page 746
The Challenge of Providing Dental Services to Individuals with Disabilities......Page 748
Chapter 36. Assistive Technology......Page 754
Technology for Medical Assistance......Page 756
Technology for Physical Disabilities......Page 759
Technology for Communication Disabilities......Page 760
Assessment for Assistive Technology......Page 761
Effects of Assistive Technology on the Family and Community......Page 763
Funding Issues......Page 764
Advocacy Information......Page 765
Chapter 37. Family Assistance......Page 770
Understanding Family Systems......Page 772
How Families Cope with the Diagnosis......Page 774
Long-Term Effects on the Parents......Page 777
Effects on Siblings......Page 779
Effects on the Child with a Disability......Page 780
Principles of Family-Centered Care: Role of the Professional......Page 784
The Role of Society and Community......Page 785
Chapter 38. Pharmacological Therapy......Page 794
When to Start Medications......Page 795
Factors Affecting Drug Concentrations......Page 796
Factors Affecting Drug Administration......Page 798
Other Factors to Consider......Page 800
Chapter 39. Complementary Health Approaches......Page 806
Treatment, Management, and Interventions......Page 807
Part VII: Outcomes......Page 814
Chapter 40. Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood......Page 816
Moving Toward Independence: Neurodiversity, Self-Advocacy, and Self-Determination......Page 817
Moving from School to Work......Page 818
Moving from Home into the Community......Page 823
Moving from Pediatric- to Adult-Oriented Health Care......Page 825
Chapter 41. Medical Home and Health Care Systems......Page 834
Health Care Utilization......Page 835
The Concept of the Medical Home......Page 837
The Importance of Coordination of Care......Page 839
Changes in Financing Health Care for CYSHCN......Page 844
Definitions......Page 858
Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in Children with Disabilities......Page 860
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Special Education......Page 861
Etiologies and Federal Initiatives......Page 864
Reducing Disparities: Considerations for Clinicians and Educators......Page 865
Appendix A. Glossary......Page 872
Appendix B. Syndromes and Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 908
Appendix C. Commonly Used Medications......Page 952
Index......Page 974