Children's Respiratory Nursing

Children ’ s Respiratory Nursing......Page 1
Children ’ s Respiratory Nursing......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Contributors......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
How to use this book......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Introduction: the evolution of children ’ s respiratory nursing......Page 12
References......Page 13
Anatomy of the upper respiratory tract......Page 15
Development of the respiratory system......Page 17
Physiology of the respiratory system......Page 18
References......Page 20
Section I: The fundamental principles of respiratory nursing......Page 14
Respiratory rate, carbon dioxide and pH......Page 21
Control of respiratory rate is an example of a negative feedback mechanism......Page 22
The regulation of blood pH is called acid?base balance and is assessed with blood gas analysis......Page 23
Conclusion......Page 24
References......Page 25
Assessment......Page 26
History taking......Page 28
Consultation skills......Page 29
Collaborative working......Page 30
References......Page 32
Cautionary measures for x-rays......Page 35
Systematic interpretation......Page 36
Bronchoscopy and bronchial lavage......Page 40
Technique......Page 41
Some situations in which fl exible bronchoscopy might be helpful......Page 42
Postoperative nursing management following bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchcoscopy......Page 45
Conclusion......Page 47
References......Page 48
Section II: Respiratory investigations and assessments......Page 34
History......Page 49
Calibration......Page 50
What to record......Page 51
Associated problems......Page 52
Bronchial challenge tests......Page 54
Infant lung function......Page 55
Priority of patients......Page 56
Spirometry checklist for use prior to testing......Page 57
Performing the spirometry tests......Page 58
Reversibility testing......Page 60
Cleaning of the spirometer......Page 61
References......Page 62
Hypoxaemia/hypoxia......Page 63
Long-term oxygen therapy......Page 64
Monitoring oxygen therapies......Page 66
Pulse oximetry......Page 67
Home oxygen guidelines......Page 68
When is it no longer necessary?......Page 69
Oxygen outside the home......Page 70
Equipment required......Page 71
Liquid oxygen therapy Figure 6.6......Page 72
Oxygen in schools......Page 74
Financial help......Page 75
Nursing management......Page 76
References......Page 79
Normal respiration......Page 81
Pathophysiological aspects......Page 82
Neuromuscular diseases......Page 83
Non-invasive ventilation: part of a package of care......Page 84
Acute presentations......Page 85
Long-term ventilation as a bridge to transplantation......Page 86
Ventilators Figure 7.1......Page 87
Interfaces: masks......Page 89
Development of independence......Page 90
Care in the community......Page 91
References......Page 94
Introduction......Page 98
Bronchiolitis......Page 99
Pneumonia......Page 100
Empyema......Page 101
Croup......Page 103
Epiglottitis......Page 104
Rare causes of acute stridor......Page 105
Primary tuberculosis......Page 106
Other forms of pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 107
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis......Page 109
Conclusion......Page 110
References......Page 112
Section III: Respiratory conditions......Page 97
How drugs work......Page 114
Metabolism......Page 115
Frequently administered respiratory drugs......Page 116
The nurse ’ s role in drug administration......Page 117
Conclusion......Page 118
References......Page 119
Introduction......Page 120
Defi nition of asthma......Page 121
Diagnosis......Page 122
Goals for treatment......Page 123
British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of asthma......Page 124
Step 2: introduction of regular preventer therapy......Page 125
Step 3: initial add-on therapy......Page 126
Step 4: poor control on moderate dose of inhaled steroid plus add-on therapy: addition of fourth drug......Page 127
Pathophysiology......Page 128
General management......Page 129
Nursing management......Page 132
Inhaler technique......Page 133
Asthma action plans......Page 135
Care in the community......Page 137
References......Page 138
Useful websites......Page 140
Chronic lung disease of prematurity......Page 141
Treatment......Page 142
Immunisation......Page 144
Defi nition......Page 145
Diagnosis......Page 146
Treatment......Page 147
Pathogenesis......Page 148
Clinical presentation......Page 149
Investigations......Page 150
Outcome......Page 151
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation......Page 152
Congenital lobar emphysema......Page 153
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia......Page 155
Pulmonary sequestration......Page 156
Nursing management of neonatal chronic lung disease and home oxygen......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 159
References......Page 160
Primary ciliary dyskinesia......Page 163
Pathophysiology......Page 165
Diagnosis......Page 166
Clinical features and complications......Page 167
Treatment......Page 169
Standards of care......Page 171
Airway clearance......Page 172
Exercise......Page 176
Airway clearance......Page 177
Airway clearance......Page 178
Summary......Page 179
Standards of care......Page 180
The role of the cystic fi brosis nurse specialist......Page 181
Promotion of self-care......Page 182
Primary/secondary care: working in partnership......Page 183
Home intravenous therapy......Page 184
Summary......Page 186
Conclusion......Page 187
References......Page 189
Introduction......Page 193
Disease-specifi c selection criteria......Page 194
What type of transplant?......Page 195
Timing of listing......Page 196
Contraindications to lung transplant......Page 197
The nursing assessment and consultation......Page 198
What information is given to the child and family?......Page 199
Psychosocial assessment......Page 201
Care of the patient on the transplant waiting list......Page 202
Nursing care of the early post lung transplant patient......Page 203
Effective immunosuppression of the patient to prevent rejection......Page 204
Optimising the function of the newly implanted donor lungs......Page 205
Optimising other organ functions......Page 207
Infection......Page 208
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease......Page 209
Conclusion......Page 210
References......Page 211
Transition as a journey......Page 214
The guide......Page 215
Hospital youth work......Page 216
Outcomes......Page 217
Conclusion......Page 218
References......Page 219
Section IV: Practical elements and governance issues......Page 213
Introduction......Page 220
Law and ethics......Page 221
Health and safety law......Page 222
Consent......Page 223
Safeguarding......Page 224
Care Quality Commission......Page 225
Practice guidelines......Page 226
References......Page 227
Communication in healthcare......Page 229
General communication problems......Page 230
Communication with parents......Page 231
Differences in culture......Page 232
Getting information: open and closed questions......Page 233
Giving information......Page 234
Painful or distressing procedures......Page 235
Support of the parents or primary carers......Page 239
Conclusion......Page 240
References......Page 241
Glossary......Page 243
Abbreviations......Page 245
Answers......Page 248
Index......Page 253