Children Moving: A Reflective Approach to Teaching Physical Education

Title
Contents
PART ONE Introduction and Content Overview
	1 The Value and Purpose of Physical Education for Children
		Why Children Need Physical Education
		Health Benefi ts Associated with a Lifetime of Physical Activity
		Characteristics of a Quality Physical Education Program
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
		CHAPTER
		The Skill Theme Approach
		What Is Developmentally Appropriate Physical Education?
		Children Develop at Different Rates
		Age Does Not Predict Motor Ability
		Children Develop Motor Skills Naturally through Play
		The Myth of the Natural Athlete
		Difference in Physical Abilities between Boys and Girls
		Why Don’t You Describe Such Activities as Duck, Duck, Goose and Kick Ball?
		What Are Skill Themes?
		What Is the Curriculum Diamond?
		Building a Foundation (Preschool through Grade 5)
		Exploring Possibilities (Grades 6–8)
		Developing Expertise (Grades 9 –12)
		What Are the Characteristics of the Skill Theme Approach?
		Characteristic 1
		Characteristic 2
		Characteristic 3
		Characteristic 4
		Is It Diffi cult to Maintain Youngsters’ Interest in a Program That Emphasizes the Fundamentals?
		What Does “Adjusting the Activities” Mean?
		Where Is Physical Fitness in the Skill Theme Approach?
		Where Does the Cognitive Domain Fit into the Skill Theme Approach?
		Where Does the Affective Domain Fit into the Skill Theme Approach?
		What about Dance and Gymnastics?
		How Do Classroom Teachers Feel about the Skill Theme Approach?
		How Do Middle (Junior) and High School Physical Education Teachers Feel about the Skill Theme Approach?
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	2 Skill Themes, Movement Concepts, and the National Standards
		Characteristics of Themes
		Skill Themes and Movement Concepts
		The Wheel (Movement Analysis Framework)
		Progression Spiral
		The National Standards and the Skill Theme Approach
		Background of National Standards Development
		Skill Themes and the Content Standards
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	3 Physical Fitness, Physical Activity and Wellness for Children
		Wellness for Children
		Mental and Emotional Health
		Personal and Social Responsibility
		Nutrition
		The Good Health Balance
		Physical Activity
		Physical Inactivity
		Guidelines for Physical Activity
		Physical Activity in and beyond the School Day
		In-School Activities
		Out-of-School Activities
		Physical Activity Director
		Active Schools
		Physical Fitness for Children
		History of Physical Fitness
		Physical Fitness: A Defi nition
		Concepts of Physical Fitness
		Fitness in the Physical Education Curriculum
		The Teaching of Fitness Concepts
		Assessing Physical Fitness
		After the Assessment
		A Final Thought on Fitness
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
		Appendix 4A: Family Fitness Activities
		Appendix 4B: Prescriptions for Fitness
	5 Refl ective Teaching
		What Is Refl ective Teaching?
		The Need for Refl ective Teaching
		Values of the Teacher
		Class Size
		Number of Class Sessions per Week
		Facilities and Equipment
		Student Behavior
		Context of the School
		How Do I Become a Refl ective Teacher?
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	6 Teaching Diverse Learners
		Inclusion Expanded
		Overweight Children
		Cultural Differences
		Gender Equity
		Religious Differences
		Children of Poverty
		Children with Special Needs
		Physical Activity and Fitness
		Disabilities, Impairments, and Disorders
		Visual Impairments
		Hearing Impairments
		Physical Disabilities
		Health-Related Disorders
		Intellectual Disabilities
		Emotional Disturbance and Behavior Disorders
		Social Interaction Disorders/Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Learning Disabilities
		Remedial Physical Education
		Creating Conditions for Inclusion
		Change
		Challenge
		Choice
		Meeting the Needs of Children with Disabilities
		The Multidisciplinary Team
		Individualized Education Program
		Least Restrictive Environment
		The Ecological Model of Inclusion
		Implementing Inclusion
		A Final Thought
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
PART TWO Teaching Skills
	7 Determining Generic Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Identifying Generic Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Precontrol Level
		Control Level
		Utilization Level
		Profi ciency Level
		One Child, More Than One Level
		Using the Generic Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Teaching
		Which Task?
		How to Know If a Task Works
		Insights about the Generic Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Multiple Skill Levels in a Class
		Control Level in Two Days a Week
		Profi ciency Level Is Rare
		Assessment Using the GLSP?
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	8 Planning
		Refl ective Planning
		A Four-Step Planning Process
		Step 1: Developing the Scope and Sequence
		Step 2: Devising a Yearly Overview
		Step 3: Determining Benchmarks (Performance Indicators or Checkpoints)
		Step 4: Detailing Daily Lesson Plans
		Making Planning Enjoyable
		Recording Progress
		Lesson Design
		Interesting Lessons
		Appropriate Lessons
		Maximum Participation
		Parting Thought
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	9 Establishing an Environment for Learning
		Gymnasium Atmosphere
		The Managerial Component
		Developing Protocols
		Establishing Rules and Expectations That Refl ect a Positive Environment
		Establishing Gymnasium Routines
		Getting Off to a Good Start
		Teaching Skills for Establishing a Learning Environment
		Teaching Protocols
		The Instructional Component
		Safety
		Elements of Negligence
		Areas in Which Negligence Might Occur
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	10 Maintaining Appropriate Behavior
		Increasing Appropriate Behavior
		Proactive Strategies
		Reactive Approaches
		Decreasing Inappropriate Behavior
		Positive Practice
		Desists
		Time-outs
		Planning Time
		Behavior Contracts
		Letters to Parents
		Involving the Principal
		Maintaining Appropriate Behavior in Entire Classes
		Reward Systems
		Developing Personal and Social Responsibility
		Corporal Punishment
		Teaching Skills to Maintain a Productive Learning Environment
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	11 Developing the Content
		Overview of Content Development
		Informing
		Tasks (Extensions)
		Cues (Refi nements)
		Challenges (Applications)
		Assessing Your Content Development
		Planning Format
		Accommodating Individual Differences
		Teaching by Invitation
		Intratask Variation
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	12 Observing Student Responses
		What to Observe
		Safety
		On-Task Behavior
		Class Movement Patterns
		Individual Movement Patterns
		How to Observe
		Positioning
		Knowing What to Work For
		Strategies
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	13 Instructional Approaches
		Interactive Teaching
		Task Teaching
		Peer Teaching
		Guided Discovery
		Convergent Inquiry
		Divergent Inquiry
		Cooperative Learning
		Child-Designed Instruction
		A Final Thought
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	14 Assessing Student Learning
		Understanding Assessment
		Linking of Assessment and Instruction
		Student as Primary Client
		Ongoing Process
		Meaningful Tasks
		Distribution of Criteria
		Making It Work
		What Has Been Learned? Selecting Assessment Options
		Teacher Observation
		Exit (or Entrance) Slips
		Student Journals
		Homework
		Peer Observation
		Self-Assessment
		Event Tasks
		Videotape/Digital Pictures
		Student Drawings
		Student Displays
		Portfolios
		Assessing How Well Something Was Learned
		Writing Rubrics
		Assessing All Three Domains
		Fitness Assessment
		A Word about Assessing Movement Concepts
		Assessment of Students with Disabilities
		What to Do with the Results of Assessment, or Summarizing and Reporting Progress
		Two Practical Systems
		Grading
		Finding the Time for Assessment
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	15 Understanding Your Teaching
		Self-Refl ection
		Systematic Observation
		Getting Started
		Unassisted Techniques
		Student-Assisted Techniques
		Peer-Assisted Techniques
		Combining and Adapting Techniques
		Being Observed
		Written Instruments
		Linking and Finding Out More
		Support Groups
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
PART THREE Movement Concepts Defi ned
	16 Space Awareness
		Developing the Concept of Self-Space
		Teaching the Concept of Self-Space
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Exploring Self-Space
		Curling, Stretching, and Twisting in Self-Space
		Moving the Whole Body in Self-Space
		Developing the Concept of General Space
		Teaching the Concept of General Space
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Exploring General Space
		Open Spaces
		Reducing the Size of the General Space
		City Streets, Crowded Spaces
		Dodging in General Space
		Traveling Over, Under, and Around Obstacles in General Space
		Obstacle Course
		Developing the Concept of Directions
		Teaching the Concept of Directions
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Traveling in Different Directions
		Moving Clockwise and Counterclockwise
		Exploring Directions
		Changing Directions on Signal
		Turning While Moving in Different Directions
		Developing the Concept of Levels
		Teaching the Concept of Levels
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Traveling and Freezing at Different Levels
		Traveling with Body Parts at Different Levels
		Rising and Sinking to Create Different Levels
		Traveling While Rising and Sinking
		Developing the Concept of Pathways
		Teaching the Concept of Pathways
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Exploring Pathways
		Using Pathway Maps
		Designing Pathways
		Creating Follow-the-Leader Pathways
		Traveling Pathways and Obstacles
		Following-the-Dots Pathways
		Combining Pathways, Levels, and Directions
		Developing the Concept of Extensions in Space
		Teaching the Concept of Extensions in Space
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Exploring Extensions
		Traveling and Extensions
		Changing from One Extension to Another
		Using Extensions and Imagery
		Applying the Concept of Space Awareness
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	17 Effort
		Developing the Concept of Time
		Teaching the Concept of Time
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Exploring Time
		Using Different Speeds in Self-Space
		Moving at Different Speeds
		Traveling and Freezing by Using Changes in Time
		Combining Imagery and Time
		Differentiating among Time Words
		Combining Sport Skills and Time
		Continually Changing in Time While Traveling
		Developing the Concept of Force
		Teaching the Concept of Force
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Exploring Force
		Traveling and Changing Force Qualities
		Using Imagery and Force
		Showing Contrasts of Force
		Developing the Concept of Flow
		Teaching the Concept of Flow
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Traveling and Flow
		Eliciting Flow Qualities
		Following Flow Sentences
		Practicing Flow Sequences
		Using Flow Conversations
		Combining Time, Force, and Flow
		Applying the Effort Concepts
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	18 Relationships
		Developing the Concept of the Relationships of Body Parts
		Teaching the Concept of the Relationships of Body Parts
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Identifying Body Parts
		Balancing While Using Different Body Parts
		Freezing on Different Body Parts
		Traveling on Different Body Parts
		Balancing on Matching and Nonmatching Parts
		Round, Narrow, Wide, and Twisted Body Shapes
		Changing from One Body Shape to Another
		Traveling and Freezing in Different Body Shapes
		Making Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Shapes
		Creating Postcard Sculptures
		Creating Body Shapes in the Air
		Developing the Concept of the Relationships with Objects
		Teaching the Concept of the Relationships with Objects
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Traveling Over, Close To, Far Away, Inside
		Traveling Over, Under, Close To, and Far Away from Equipment
		Onto/Off Concepts
		Over, Under, Around, In Front of, and Behind Concepts
		Traveling Along Equipment
		Traveling Through Obstacles
		Going Over and Under the Obstacle Course
		Using Partners as Obstacles
		Developing the Concept of the Relationships with People
		Alone in a Mass
		Solo
		Partners
		Groups
		Between Groups
		Teaching the Concept of the Relationships with People
		Learning Experiences Leading to Movement Concept Understanding
		Matching
		Traveling and Matching
		Mirroring
		Matching and Mirroring
		Traveling Alongside/Following
		Following with a Group
		Meeting/Parting
		Forming Cooperative and Collaborative Relationships
		Meeting and Parting in a Cooperative Group
		Performing Solo
		Applying the Concept of Relationships
		Competition
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
PART FOUR Skill Theme Development
	19 Traveling
		Fundamental Locomotor Skills
		Walking
		Running
		Hopping
		Leaping
		Sliding
		Galloping
		Skipping
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Traveling in General Space
		Traveling with Different Locomotor Movements
		Traveling in Different Ways
		Traveling with Imagery
		Traveling Through Rope Pathways
		Traveling Among the Large and Tall
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Traveling with Different Locomotor Patterns
		Sliding
		Galloping
		Hopping
		Skipping
		Leaping
		Running
		Traveling to Open Spaces
		Performing Locomotor Sequences
		Moving to Rhythms
		Traveling in Confi ned Spaces
		Traveling with Music
		Traveling an Obstacle Course
		Traveling in Different Directions
		Slidestepping
		Traveling in Different Pathways
		The Locomotors Dance
		The Follow-Me Dance
		Traveling at Different Speeds
		Traveling Using Different Directions, Levels, Pathways, and Locations
		Changing Speeds to Music
		A Dance of Water, Steam, and Ice
		Slow-Motion Replay: The Sports Dance
		Combination Locomotors
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Traveling with a Partner: Matching Pathways
		The Copy Cat Dance
		Traveling with a Partner: Changing Speed and Direction
		Shadowing
		Meeting and Parting While Traveling with a Partner
		Performing Rhythmical Patterns
		Traveling to Express Age: The Fountain of Youth Dance
		Traveling in Bound and Free Flow
		Traveling to Tom Foolery Rhymes
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Depicting Primitive Tribes through Travel
		Traveling to Show Tradition versus Change
		Performing Rhythmical Patterns: Tinikling
		Traveling in Games and Sports
		Traveling in Gymnastics
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	20 Chasing, Fleeing, and Dodging
		Chasing
		Fleeing
		Dodging
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Moving Obstacles
		Traveling to Flee
		Traveling to Dodge
		Make-Believe Chase
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Dodging in Response to a Signal
		Fleeing from a Partner
		Dodging the Obstacles
		Dodging with Quick Changes of Direction
		Overtaking a Fleeing Person
		Fleeing a Chaser
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Dodging Stationary Obstacles
		Dodging and Faking Moves to Avoid a Chaser
		Dodging Semistationary Obstacles
		Dodging and Chasing One Person in a Mass
		Dodging in a Dynamic Situation
		Dodging While Manipulating an Object
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Continual Fleeing and Chasing with a Large Group
		Dodging While Maintaining Possession of an Object
		Chasing and Dodging Simultaneously
		Chasing and Fleeing in an Invasion Game–Like Situation
		Dodging in a Game-Like Situation
		Dodging in a Target Game-Like Situation
		Using Team Strategy for Chasing, Fleeing, and Dodging in an Invasion Game-Like Situation
		Dodging While Manipulating an Object in an Invasion Game–like Situation
		Self-Designed Chasing, Fleeing, and Dodging Game
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	21 Jumping and Landing
		Fundamental Jumping Patterns
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Jumping and Landing: Different Patterns
		Jumping for Distance
		Jumping for Height
		Jumping over a Swinging Rope
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Jumping and Landing: Basic Patterns
		Standing Long Jump
		Jumping for Height
		Jumping over Low Obstacles: Hoops
		Jumping over Low Obstacles: Hurdles
		Jumping Rhythmically
		Jumping in Rhythmical Sequences
		Jumping a Turned Rope
		Jumping a Self-Turned Rope
		Jumping Using Buoyant and Yielding Landings
		Jumping to Form a Body Shape During Flight
		Traveling, Jumping, and Body Shapes
		Performing Jumping Sequences and Making Body Shapes
		Jumping over Equipment Using Buoyant Landings
		Jumping on and off Equipment Using Buoyant and Yielding Landings
		Jump, Squash, TaDa
		Jumping and Landing Task Sheet
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Jumping to Catch
		Jumping to Throw
		Jumping on a Bench
		Throwing and Catching While Jumping
		Jumping to an Accented Beat
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Jumping with a Partner to Mirror Actions
		Jumping with a Partner to Match Actions
		Jumping with a Springboard
		Jumping as Part of a Dance Creation
		Jumping, Dancing, and Imagery
		Hurdling Jumps
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
		CHAPTER
	22 Balancing
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Balancing on Different Bases of Support
		Balancing on a Wide Base of Support
		Balancing in Different Body Shapes
		Traveling and Stopping in Balanced Positions
		Traveling on Low Gymnastics Equipment
		Balancing on Boards
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Balancing on Different Bases of Support
		Tightening the Gymnastics Muscles
		Counterbalance
		Balancing Symmetrically and Nonsymmetrically
		Balancing in Different Body Shapes
		The Gymnastics Dance
		Performing Inverted Balances
		Alignment of Body Parts
		Doing Kickups
		Traveling and Stopping in Balanced Positions
		Stationary Balances on Equipment
		Traveling on Large Apparatus
		Traveling While Balanced
		Balancing Sequence
		Balancing on Stilts
		Balance Boards
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Balancing on Crates
		Moving out of and into Balances by Stretching, Curling, and Twisting
		Traveling into and out of Balances by Rolling
		Performing Inverted Balances on Equipment
		Performing Sequences That Combine Stationary Balances and Traveling on Mats
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Balancing While Supporting the Weight of a Partner
		Balancing on Hanging Ropes
		Transferring off Equipment with Weight on Hands
		Performing Apparatus Sequences That Combine Stationary Balances and Traveling with Movement Concepts
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References
	23 Transferring Weight and Rolling
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Transferring Weight
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration of Weight Transfer
		Locomotor Actions
		Transferring Weight from Feet to Back
		Transferring Weight from Feet to Hands
		Transferring Weight onto and off Equipment
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Weight Transfer
		Transferring Weight to Hands across Mats
		Transferring Weight with a Rolling Action
		Transferring Weight from Foot to Combinations of Body Parts
		Stretching, Curling, and Twisting into Transfers
		Performing Spring/Step Takeoffs
		Performing Spring/Step Takeoffs onto Crates and/or Benches
		Transferring Off Low Apparatus (Bench, Crate, or Low Table)
		Making Spring/Step Takeoffs with Sequences
		Traveling over Low Apparatus
		Transferring onto Low Apparatus
		Transferring Weight from Foot to Hands
		Transferring Weight to Hands by Stepping: Cartwheels
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Weight Transfer
		Transferring Weight to Hands: Walking
		Transferring Weight to Hands and Twisting
		Transferring Weight to Hands and Forming a Bridge
		Transferring Weight onto Large Apparatus
		Transferring Weight to Head and Hands on Apparatus (Box, Beam, Table)
		Transferring Weight onto Bars (Parallel Bars, Climbing Frame)
		Transferring Weight over Apparatus (Vaulting Box)
		Transferring Weight along Apparatus
		Transferring Weight by Rolling (Bench, Box, or Table)
		Transferring Weight to Hands on Low Apparatus
		Transferring Weight on Bars
		Combining Skills on Mats
		Combining Weight Transfer and Balances into Sequences on Mats and Apparatus
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Weight Transfer
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Rolling
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration of Rolling
		Making Curing Shapes
		Rocking on Different Body Parts
		Rolling Sideways
		Curling to Roll
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Rolling
		Rocking to Match a Partner
		Rolling in a Long, Narrow Position (Log Roll)
		Rolling Sideways on Different Body Parts
		Rolling Sideways over a Shoulder
		Rocking Backward
		Rolling Forward
		Rocking Backward over the Shoulders
		Rolling from Different Positions
		Rolling at Different Speeds
		Back Shoulder Roll
		Handclasp Backward Roll
		Rolling Backward
		Rolling in Different Directions
		Rolling from Different Directions and Positions
		Linking Rolls
		Rolling Using Different Directions and Speeds
		Rolling after Jumping off Equipment and Landing
		Rolling after Jumping for Height and Landing
		Rolling after Jumping from Different Heights
		Rolling after Jumping over Equipment and Landing
		Rolling, Levels, Directions, and Jumping
		Rolling While Traveling, Jumping, and Landing
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Rolling
		Rolling and Traveling Quickly
		Rolling, Jumping, and Traveling in Relationship to Others
		Rolling over Low Hurdles
		Rolling on Low Equipment
		Rolling off Low Equipment
		Traveling and Rolling between Pieces of Equipment
		Rolling, Balancing, and Rolling
		Rolling to Express an Idea
		Rolling While Throwing and Catching
		Rolling onto Low Equipment
		Rolling and Balancing on Equipment
		Rolling to Meet and Part
		Rolling and Striking
		Catching, Throwing, and Rolling
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Rolling
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References
	24 Kicking and Punting
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Kicking
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration of Kicking
		Kicking a Stationary Ball from a Stationary Position
		Kicking at Large Targets
		Approaching a Stationary Ball and Kicking
		Tapping the Ball
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Kicking
		Kicking on the Ground
		Kicking in the Air
		Kicking for Distance
		Kicking to a Distance Zone
		Kicking to Targets
		Kicking a Rolling Ball from a Stationary Position
		Kicking to a Partner
		Tapping the Ball along the Ground (Soccer Dribble)
		Starting and Stopping
		Traveling in Pathways
		Dribbling around Stationary Obstacles
		Keeping It Perfect: Zero, Zero
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Kicking
		Changing Directions: Tap/Dribble
		Performing a Continuous Tap/Dribble and Change of Direction
		Traveling and Kicking for a Goal
		Playing One-on-One Soccer
		Playing Soccer Golf
		Kicking to a Partner from Various Angles
		Kicking to a Traveling Partner
		Passing to a Partner in General Space
		Playing Two-on-One Soccer
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Kicking
		Kicking at Small Stationary Targets
		Kicking at a Moving Target
		Playing Mini Soccer
		Playing Soccer Keep-Away
		Playing Alley Soccer
		Playing Cone Soccer
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Punting
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration of Punting
		Dropping, Bouncing, and Kicking Lightweight Balls
		Dropping and Punting
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Punting
		Punting for Consistency
		Punting over Low Ropes
		Punting with an Approach
		Punting Different Types of Balls
		Punting for Distance
		Using Punting Zones
		Punting for Accuracy
		Punting for Height
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Punting
		Punting at Angles
		Punting to a Partner
		Receiving a Pass, Then Punting
		Punting within a Limited Time
		Playing Rush the Circle
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development in Punting
		Receiving and Punting against Opponents
		Punting While Traveling
		Playing Punt-Over
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References
	25 Throwing and Catching
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Throwing
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Catching
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Throwing a Yarn Ball against the Wall
		Throwing at a Large Target
		Catching a Rolling Ball
		Catching from a Skilled Thrower
		Drop—Catch
		Tossing to Self and Catching
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Throwing Underhand
		Throwing Overhand
		Throwing Sidearm
		Overs, Unders, and Sides
		Bouncing a Ball to Self and Catching It
		Throwing an Object to Different Levels and Catching It
		Catching in Different Places around the Body
		Throwing Overhand at a High Stationary Target
		Throwing Overhand at a Low Stationary Target
		Throwing Underhand to Targets: Jugs
		Throwing Underhand to Targets: Hoops
		Throwing to High Targets
		Throwing Backhand to a Target
		Throwing a Flying Disc
		Catching with a Scoop
		Catching off the Fly
		Throwing a Ball against a Wall and Catching the Rebound
		Throwing for Distance
		Throwing and Catching with a Partner
		Throwing and Catching over a Net with a Partner
		Catching off a Bounce
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Moving to Catch
		Throwing and Catching While Traveling
		Throwing on the Move
		Throwing to Make a Partner Move to Catch
		Throwing to a Moving Target
		Throwing for Distance and Accuracy
		Target Backaway
		Throwing Discs at Targets
		Catching to Throw Quickly to a Partner
		Catching to Throw Quickly to a Target
		Throwing While in the Air
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Throwing and Catching a Flying Disc in Different Places around the Body with a Partner
		Throwing and Catching in a Field, Run, and Score Game-Like Situation
		Throwing to Avoid a Defender
		Throwing and Catching in a Small-Sided Invasion Game
		Throwing at a Stationary Object While Being Defended
		Throwing and Catching in a Small-Sided Basketball-Type Game
		Throwing and Catching with a Flying Disc in a Small-Sided Invasion Game
		Throwing and Catching with a Football in a Small-Sided Invasion Game
		Throwing and Catching with a Team Handball in a Small-Sided Invasion Game
		Throwing and Catching While Using Simple Offense and Defense in a Small-Sided Invasion Game
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	26 Volleying and Dribbling
		Volleying
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Volleying
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Striking Balloons in the Air
		Striking a Balloon Forward
		Striking with Different Body Parts
		Striking Lightweight Objects
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Striking a Ball Noncontinuously with Different Body Parts
		Striking a Ball Upward (Underhand Pattern)
		Striking a Ball Upward with the Forearms (The Bump)
		Striking a Ball to the Wall (Underhand Pattern)
		Striking a Ball over a Line (Underhand Pattern)
		Playing Hoop Volley (Underhand Pattern)
		Playing Four Square, Two Square (Underhand Pattern)
		Striking over a Low Net (Underhand Pattern)
		Volleying to the Wall (Overhead Pattern)
		Volleying a Ball Upward (Overhead Pattern)
		Volleying to a Partner (Overhead Pattern)
		Playing Keep It Up
		Playing One-Bounce Volleyball
		Obstacle-Course Volley
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Volleying Game: Child-Designed
		Striking a Ball Continuously with Different Body Parts
		Volleying with the Foot
		Playing Aerial Soccer
		Volleying with a Volleybird
		Striking to the Wall—Varying Levels, Force, and Body Position
		Volleying over a Net
		Volleying Continuously to a Partner
		Volleying Three-on-Three
		Serving Underhand over the Net
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Striking with Different Body Parts While Traveling
		Serving Overhand over the Net
		Striking Downward with Force
		Spiking
		Volleying in a Line Formation
		Playing Modifi ed Volleyball
		Dribbling
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency in Dribbling
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Bouncing a Ball Down and Catching It
		Bouncing a Ball Down (Dribbling) Continuously
		Dribbling and Walking
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		All-the-Time Dribble
		Dribble Like a Basketball Player
		Dribbling at Different Levels
		Dribbling and Looking
		Switches
		Dribbling with the Body in Different Positions
		Dribbling in Different Places around the Body While Stationary
		Dribbling While Changing Directions in Self-Space
		Dribbling and Traveling
		Moving Switches
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Dribbling and Changing Speed of Travel
		Dribbling While Changing Directions
		Dribbling in Different Pathways
		Dribbling While Stopping, Starting, and Turning (Pivots and Fakes)
		Dribbling around Stationary Obstacles
		Mirroring and Matching While Dribbling
		Dribbling and Passing with a Partner
		Dribbling against an Opponent: One-on-One
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Dribbling against Opponents: Group Situations
		Now You’ve Got It, Now You Don’t
		Dribble Tag
		Dribbling While Dodging
		Dribbling and Passing in Game Situations
		Making Up Fancy Dribbling/Passing Routines
		Dribbling and Throwing at a Target
		Dribble/Pass Keep-Away
		Small-Group Basketball-Type Game
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	27 Striking with Rackets and Paddles
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Paddle Balance
		Balloon Strike (Lightweight Paddle)
		Striking a Suspended Ball
		Hit the Wall
		Upward Bound
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Downs
		Ups
		Ups and Downs
		Up against the Wall (Striking Forward)
		Ups, Downs, and Forwards
		Both Sides (of the Paddle) Now
		Striking to Wall Targets
		Striking for Distance (Varying the Force)
		Striking for Hoops (Varying the Distance)
		To the Wall—Sideways (Sidearm Forehand Pattern)
		To the Wall Again—Sideways (Sidearm Backhand Pattern)
		Striking at High and Low Targets
		Striking to Different Places
		Striking through a Target
		Striking an Object to Send It over a Net
		Striking a Ball Rebounding from a Wall
		Striking Continuously over and through a Target
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Hitting from Different Places
		Hitting Cooperatively and Continuously with a Partner
		Striking to Different Places around a Partner
		Striking Overhead
		Striking Overhead over a Net
		Striking Continuously Upward with a Group
		Striking in Various Aerial Pathways in Dynamic Situations
		Striking Upward in a Dynamic Situation
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Striking to One Wall with a Partner
		Striking at Angles to Two Walls with a Partner
		Striking To and From Different Places
		Partner Striking across a Net
		Aerial Striking over a Net
		Team Striking across a Net
		Group Striking across a Net
		Self-Designed Racket Games
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		Reference/Suggested Readings
	28 Striking with Long-Handled Implements
		Levels of Skill Profi ciency
		Precontrol Level: Activities for Exploration
		Striking a Stationary Ball—Golf or Hockey
		Striking to Large Targets—Golf or Hockey
		Striking (Dribbling) a Ball in Self-Space—Hockey
		Traveling Slowly While Striking a Ball—Hockey
		Striking Off a Batting Tee—Bats
		Control Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Striking a Stationary Ball on the Ground—Golf and Hockey
		Striking for Distance—Golf and Hockey
		Striking in the Air—Golf
		Striking to Varying Distances—Golf
		Striking to Targets—Hockey
		Striking to a Target (Around the World)—Hockey
		Striking to a Stationary Partner—Hockey
		Traveling Slowly While Striking a Ball—Hockey
		Traveling, Stopping, and Controlling the Ball—Hockey
		Traveling and Changing Speeds—Hockey
		Traveling and Striking While Changing Pathways—Hockey
		Striking to Targets—Hockey
		Striking While Dodging Stationary Obstacles—Hockey
		Striking a Stationary Ball—Bats
		Level Swings—Bats
		Striking a Stationary Ball for Distance—Bats
		Striking Suspended Objects—Bats
		Hitting a Stationary Ball from Different Places—Bats
		Hit and Run—Bats
		Throwing a Ball in the Air and Striking it—Bats
		Striking a Self-Tossed Ball to Different Distances—Bats
		Striking a Pitched Ball—Bats
		Utilization Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Striking to Targets at Various Distances—Golf
		Playing Hoop Golf—Golf
		Directing the Air Pathway of the Struck Object—Golf
		Playing Hockey Bowl (Small Targets)—Hockey
		Dribbling and Changing Directions Backward—Hockey
		Performing a Continuous Dribble and Change of Direction—Hockey
		Pathways, Speeds, and Directions—Hockey
		Traveling and Striking for a Goal—Hockey
		One-on-One Hockey—Hockey
		Striking from a Stationary Position to a Moving Target—Hockey
		Passing and Receiving on the Move—Hockey
		Keeping It Moving—Hockey
		Two-on-One Hockey—Hockey
		Grounders and Flies—Bats
		Directing the Placement of an Object—Bats
		Hitting to Open Spaces—Bats
		Striking a Pitched Object Varying the Distance—Bats
		Batting, Combining Distance and Placement—Bats
		Profi ciency Level: Learning Experiences Leading to Skill Development
		Directing the Pathway, Distance, and Speed of an Object—Golf
		Whiffl e Ball Golf
		Striking to Dodge an Opponent—Hockey
		Keep-Away—Hockey
		Small Sided Hockey Invasion Game—Hockey
		Directing the Pathway, Distance, and Speed of an Object—Bats
		Six-Player Striking and Fielding in a Gamelike Situation—Bats
		One-Base Baseball—Bats
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
PART FIVE Movement Concepts and Skill Themes in Content Areas
	29 Skill Themes in Dance
		The Purpose of Dance in Elementary School
		Dance Experiences
		Rhythmic Experiences
		Folk /Cultural and Ethnic Dances
		Creative Experiences
		Design of Dance
		Evaluation of Dance Making
		The Content of Expressive Dance
		The Process of Teaching Dance
		Don’t Call It Dance!
		Begin Gradually
		Start with a Cooperative Class
		Use Props
		Imagery
		Start with Exciting Movement Experiences
		Dance to the Music
		A Final Thought
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
		Appendix 29A: Teacher-Designed Group Routines
		Lummi Sticks
		Chinese Ribbons
		Musical Parachute
		Jump Rope
		Appendix 29B: Children Designing Their Own Dance: A Description of a Process
		Background
		An Outline of the Dance
		Creation of the Dance
		Slavery
		Freedom
		Gathering Together: Strength as a People
		Dispersing: Strength as Individuals
		Gathering Again: Strength, Pride, Confi dence
		Respect and Thankfulness to God
		Conclusion: We Are Strong and Proud
	30 Skill Themes in Gymnastics
		The Nature of Gymnastics
		The Purpose of Gymnastics
		The Content of Educational Gymnastics
		Floor Experiences
		Apparatus Experiences
		Recording Sequences
		Outdoor Play Equipment as Gymnastics Apparatus
		The Process of Teaching Educational Gymnastics
		The Learning Environment
		Gymnastics Equipment
		Stations
		Varying the Task
		Club Gymnasts
		Demonstrating
		A Final Thought
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	31 Skill Themes in Games
		The Nature of Games
		The Purpose of Games in Elementary School
		The Content of Elementary School Games
		Games Experiences
		Invariant Game Skill Experiences
		Dynamic Gamelike Skill Experiences
		Games-Playing Experiences
		The Process of Teaching Games-Playing Experiences
		Selecting a Games-Playing Experience
		Other Considerations
		The Learning Environment
		After-School Sport Programs
		Child Development and Games
		A Final Thought
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	32 Integrating the Skill Theme Approach across the Curriculum
		Connecting Physical Education and the Classroom Curriculum through Interdisciplinary Learning
		Defi ning Interdisciplinary Learning
		Interdisciplinary Learning and Quality Physical Education
		Integrating Physical Education
		Benefi ts of Integration
		Important Considerations
		The Process of Teaching Using an Interdisciplinary Learning Approach
		Content Linkage Approach
		Shared Integration Approach
		Developing an Integrated Learning Experience
		Thematic Unit Approach
		Understanding the Scope and Sequence of Subject Area Content
		The Connection between Physical Activity and Academic Performance
		What the Research Suggests: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education
		What the Research Suggests: Brain-Based Learning
		A Final Thought
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
PART SIX The Future
	33 Building Support for Your Program
		The Principal
		Teachers in the School
		Parents
		The School Board
		The Community at Large
		Legislators
		Children as Advocates
		Summary
		Reading Comprehension Questions
		References/Suggested Readings
	34 Physical Education for Tomorrow’s Children
Appendix: Sample School Year Overviews
Index