Children and Their Development

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Welcome
About the Author
1 Child Development: Theories, Themes, and Research
	1.1 Setting the Stage
		Historical Views of Children and Childhood
		Origins of a New Science
		Applying Results of Research
	1.2 Foundational Theories of Child Development
		The Biological Perspective
		The Psychodynamic Perspective
		The Learning Perspective
		The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective
		The Contextual Perspective
	1.3 Themes in Child-Development Research
		Continuity of Development
		Impact of Nature and Nurture
		The Active Child
		Links Between Different Domains of Development
	1.4 Doing Child-Development Research
		Measurement in Child-Development Research
		General Designs for Research
		Designs for Studying Age-Related Change
		Ethical Responsibilities
		Communicating Research Results
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
2 Heredity, Environment, and Child Development
	2.1 Mechanisms of Heredity
		The Biology of Heredity
		Single Gene Inheritance
	Cultural Influences: Why Do African Americans Inherit Sickle-Cell Disease?
		Genetic Disorders
	Improving Children’s Lives: Genetic Counseling
	2.2 Heredity, Environment, and Development
		Behavioral Genetics
	Focus on Research: Hereditary Bases of Children’s Peer Relationships
		Paths from Genes to Behavior
	Unifying Themes: Nature and Nurture
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
	3.1 From Conception to Birth
		Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1–2)
		Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3–8)
		Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9–38)
	Improving Children’s Lives: Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby
	3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
		General Risk Factors
	Spotlight on Theories: A Theory of the Risks Associated with Teenage Motherhood
		Teratogens
		How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
		Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
	3.3 Happy Birthday!
		Labor and Delivery
		Approaches to Childbirth
		Adjusting to Parenthood
	Focus on Research: Links Between Maternal Depression and Children’s Behavior Problems
		Birth Complications
	Cultural Influences: Infant Mortality
	3.4 The Newborn
		Assessing the Newborn
		The Newborn’s Reflexes
		Newborn States
	Child Development and Family Policy: Safe Sleeping
		Perception and Learning in the Newborn
	Unifying Themes: Continuity
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
4 Growth and Health
	4.1 Physical Growth
		Features of Human Growth
		Mechanisms of Physical Growth
	Improving Children’s Lives: What’s the Best Food for Babies?
		The Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty
	Cultural Influences: Adolescent Rites of Passage
	Spotlight on Theories: A Paternal Investment Theory of Girls’ Pubertal Timing
	4.2 Challenges to Healthy Growth
		Malnutrition
		Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia
	Focus on Research: Evaluating a Program for Preventing Eating Disorders
		Obesity
		Disease
		Accidents
	4.3 The Developing Nervous System
		Organization of the Mature Brain
		The Developing Brain
	Child Development and Family Policy: Teenagers and the Law
	Unifying Themes: Connections
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
5 Perceptual Processes and Motor Development
	5.1 Basic Sensory and Perceptual Processes
		Smell, Taste, and Touch
		Hearing
	Improving Children’s Lives: Hearing Impairment in Infancy
		Seeing
		Integrating Sensory Information
	Spotlight on Theories: The Theory of Intersensory Redundancy
	5.2 Complex Perceptual and Attentional Processes
		Perceiving Objects
		Attention
		Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
	Child Development and Family Policy: What’s the Best Treatment for ADHD?
	5.3 Motor Development
		Locomotion
	Cultural Influences: Cultural Practices That Influence Motor Development
		Fine-Motor Skills
	Focus on Research: Adjusting Grasps to Objects
		Physical Fitness
	Unifying Themes: Active Children
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
6 Theories of Cognitive Development
	6.1 Setting the Stage: Piaget’s Theory
		Basic Principles of Piaget’s Theory
		Stages of Cognitive Development
		Piaget’s Contributions to Child Development
	6.2 Modern Theories of Cognitive Development
		The Sociocultural Perspective: Vygotsky’s Theory
	Cultural Influences: How Do Parents in Different Cultures Scaffold Their Children’s Learning?
		Information Processing
		Core-Knowledge Theories
	6.3 Understanding in Core Domains
		Understanding Objects and Their Properties
	Focus on Research: Distinguishing Liquids from Solids
		Understanding Living Things
		Understanding People
	Improving Children’s Lives: Theory of Mind in Autism
	Unifying Themes: Active Children
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
7 Memory, Problem Solving, and Academic Skills
	7.1 Memory
		Origins of Memory
		Strategies for Remembering
		Knowledge and Memory
	Spotlight on Theories: Fuzzy Trace Theory
	Child Development and Family Policy: Interviewing Children Effectively
	7.2 Problem Solving
		Developmental Trends in Solving Problems
		Features of Children’s and Adolescents’ Problem Solving
		Scientific Thinking
	Focus on Research: Learning to Design Experiments
	7.3 Academic Skills
		Reading
	Improving Children’s Lives: Rhyme Is Sublime Because Sounds Abound
		Writing
		Knowing and Using Numbers
	Cultural Influences: Fifth Grade in Taiwan
	Unifying Themes: Active Children
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
8 Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition
	8.1 What Is Intelligence?
		Psychometric Theories
		Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
		Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence
	Cultural Influences: How Culture Defines What is Intelligent
	8.2 Measuring Intelligence
		Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing
		Features of IQ Scores
		Hereditary and Environmental Factors
	Child Development and Family Policy: Providing Children with a Head Start for School
		Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status
	Focus on Research: Making Tests Less Threatening
	8.3 Special Children, Special Needs
		Gifted Children
	Improving Children’s Lives: Fostering Creativity
		Children with Disability
	Spotlight on Theories: Impaired Reading Comprehension Is Impaired Language Comprehension
	Unifying Themes: Nature and Nurture
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
9 Language and Communication
	9.1 The Road to Speech
		Elements of Language
		Perceiving Speech
	Child Development and Family Policy: Are Cochlear Implants Effective for Young Children?
		First Steps to Speech
	9.2 Learning the Meanings of Words
		Understanding Words as Symbols
		Fast Mapping Meanings to Words
	Spotlight on Theories: A Shape-Bias Theory of Word Learning
		Individual Differences in Word Learning
	Focus on Research: Why Does Exposure to Parents’ Speech Increase Children’s Vocabulary?
		Encouraging Word Learning
	Cultural Influences: Growing Up Bilingual
		Beyond Words: Other Symbols
	9.3 Speaking in Sentences
		From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences
		Mastering Grammar
	Improving Children’s Lives: Promoting Language Development
	9.4 Using Language to Communicate
		Taking Turns
		Speaking Effectively
		Listening Well
	Unifying Themes: Connections
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
10 Emotional Development
	10.1 Emerging Emotions
		The Function of Emotions
		Experiencing and Expressing Emotions
	Improving Children’s Lives: “But I Don’t Want to Go to School!”
		Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions
		Regulating Emotions
	10.2 Temperament
		What Is Temperament?
	Spotlight on Theories: A Theory of the Structure of Temperament in Infancy
		Hereditary and Environmental Contributions to Temperament
	Cultural Influences: Why Is Yoshimi’s Son So Tough?
		Stability of Temperament
		Temperament and Other Aspects of Development
	Focus on Research: Temperament Influences Outcomes in Adolescence and Adulthood
	10.3 Attachment
		The Growth of Attachment
		The Quality of Attachment
	Child Development and Family Policy: Determining Guidelines for Child Care for Infants and Toddlers
	Unifying Themes: Active Children
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
11 Understanding Self and Others
	11.1 Who Am I? Self-Concept
		Origins of Self-Recognition
		The Evolving Self-Concept
		The Search for Identity
	Cultural Influences: Dea’s Ethnic Identity
	11.2 Self-Esteem
		Developmental Change in Self-Esteem
		Variations in Self-Esteem Associated with Ethnicity and Culture
		Sources of Self-Esteem
		Low Self-Esteem: Cause or Consequence?
	11.3 Understanding Others
		Describing Others
		Understanding What Others Think
		Prejudice
	Spotlight on Theories: Developmental Intergroup Theory
	Focus on Research: Who Is Resilient in the Face of Discrimination?
	Child Development and Family Policy: Ending Segregated Schools
	Unifying Themes: Nature and Nurture
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
12 Moral Understanding and Behavior
	12.1 Self-Control
		Beginnings of Self-Control
		Influences on Self-Control
		Improving Children’s Self-Control
	Focus on Research: Engaging Preschool Children to Help Them Delay Gratification
	12.2 Reasoning About Moral Issues
		Piaget’s Views
		Kohlberg’s Theory
		Beyond Kohlberg’s Theory
	Cultural Influences: Lies, White Lies, and Blue Lies
	12.3 Helping Others
		Development of Prosocial Behavior
		Skills Underlying Prosocial Behavior
		Situational Influences
		The Contribution of Heredity
		Socializing Prosocial Behavior
	12.4 Aggression
		Change and Stability
		Roots of Aggressive Behavior
	Spotlight on Theories: Social-Information-Processing Theory and Children’s Aggressive Behavior
		Victims of Aggression
	Child Development and Family Policy: The KiVa Antibullying Program
	Unifying Themes: Continuity
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
13 Gender: Stereotypes, Differences, Identity, and Roles
	13.1 Gender Stereotypes
		How Do We View Men and Women?
		Learning Gender Stereotypes
	Focus on Research: Reasoning About Gender-Related Properties
	13.2 Differences Related to Gender
		Differences in Physical Development and Behavior
		Differences in Intellectual Abilities and Achievement
	Cultural Influences: A Cross-Cultural Look at Gender Differences in Math
		Differences in Personality and Social Behavior
		Frank Talk About Gender Differences
	13.3 Gender Identity
		The Socializing Influences of People and the Media
		Cognitive Theories of Gender Identity
	Spotlight on Theories: Gender-Schema Theory
		Biological Influences
	13.4 Gender Roles in Transition
		Emerging Gender Roles
		Beyond Traditional Gender Roles
	Improving Children’s Lives: Encouraging Valuable Traits, Not Gender Traits
	Unifying Themes: Connections
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
14 Family Relationships
	14.1 Parenting
		The Family as a System
		Styles of Parenting
		Parental Behavior
		Influences of the Marital System
		Children’s Contributions
	14.2 The Changing Family
		Impact of Divorce on Children
	Improving Children’s Lives: Helping Children Adjust After Divorce
	Focus on Research: Evaluation of a Program to Help Parents and Children Adjust to Life After Divorce
		Blended Families
		The Role of Grandparents
	Cultural Influences: Grandmothers in African American Families
		Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents
	14.3 Brothers and Sisters
		Firstborn, Laterborn, and Only Children
	Child Development and Family Policy: Assessing the Consequences of China’s One-Child Policy
		Qualities of Sibling Relationships
	14.4 Maltreatment: Parent–Child Relationships Gone Awry
		Consequences of Maltreatment
		Causes of Maltreatment
		Preventing Maltreatment
	Unifying Themes: Active Children
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
15 Influences Beyond the Family
	15.1 Peers
		Development of Peer Interactions
		Friendship
	Focus on Research: Influence of Best Friends on Sexual Activity
		Romantic Relationships
		Groups
		Popularity and Rejection
	Cultural Influences: Keys to Popularity
	15.2 Electronic Media
		Television
	Improving Children’s Lives: Get the Kids Off the Couch!
		New Media
	15.3 Institutional Influences
		Child Care and After-School Activities
		Part-Time Employment
		Neighborhoods
	Spotlight on Theories: The Family Economic Stress Model
		School
	Unifying Themes: Continuity
	See for Yourself
	Summary
	Test Yourself
	Key Terms
Glossary
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Answers to Test Yourself Questions
References
Credits
Name Index
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Subject Index
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