Children and their development

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 21
About the Author......Page 24
1 The Science of Child Development......Page 26
1.1 SETTING THE STAGE......Page 27
Origins of a New Science......Page 28
1.2 FOUNDATIONAL THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT......Page 31
The Biological Perspective......Page 32
The Psychodynamic Perspective......Page 33
The Learning Perspective......Page 34
The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective......Page 36
The Contextual Perspective......Page 37
1.3 THEMES IN CHILD-DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH......Page 39
Development Is Always Jointly Influenced by Heredity and Environment......Page 40
Children Influence Their Own Development......Page 41
Development in Different Domains is Connected......Page 42
1.4 DOING CHILD-DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH......Page 43
Measurement in Child-Development Research......Page 44
General Designs for Research......Page 48
Designs for Studying Age-Related Change......Page 53
Ethical Responsibilities......Page 57
Communicating Research Results......Page 59
Summary......Page 60
Key Terms......Page 62
2 Genetic Bases of Child Development......Page 64
The Biology of Heredity......Page 65
Single Gene Inheritance......Page 67
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Why Do African Americans Inherit Sickle-Cell Disease?......Page 69
Genetic Disorders......Page 70
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Genetic Counseling......Page 71
Behavioral Genetics......Page 74
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Hereditary and Environmental Bases of Second-Language Learning......Page 77
Paths from Genes to Behavior......Page 81
Summary......Page 85
Test Yourself......Page 86
Key Terms......Page 87
3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn......Page 88
Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1–2)......Page 89
Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3–8)......Page 90
Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9–38)......Page 92
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby......Page 95
3.2 INFLUENCES ON PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 96
General Risk Factors......Page 97
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: A Theory of the Risks Associated with Teenage Motherhood......Page 99
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards......Page 101
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development......Page 104
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 107
3.3 HAPPY BIRTHDAY!......Page 110
Labor and Delivery......Page 111
Approaches to Childbirth......Page 112
Adjusting to Parenthood......Page 114
Birth Complications......Page 115
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Impaired Memory Functions in Low-Birth-Weight Babies......Page 117
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Infant Mortality......Page 118
Assessing the Newborn......Page 120
The Newborn’s Reflexes......Page 121
Newborn States......Page 122
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Back to Sleep!......Page 125
Unifying Themes......Page 126
Summary......Page 127
Test Yourself......Page 128
Key Terms......Page 129
4 Growth and Health......Page 130
4.1 PHYSICAL GROWTH......Page 131
Features of Human Growth......Page 132
Mechanisms of Physical Growth......Page 134
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: What’s the Best Food for Babies?......Page 135
The Adolescent Growth Spurt and Puberty......Page 137
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Preventing Osteoporosis......Page 138
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Adolescent Rites of Passage......Page 140
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: A Paternal Investment Theory of Girls’ Pubertal Timing......Page 142
4.2 CHALLENGES TO HEALTHY GROWTH......Page 145
Malnutrition......Page 146
Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia......Page 147
Obesity......Page 148
Disease......Page 149
Accidents......Page 150
4.3 THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 151
Organization of the Mature Brain......Page 152
The Developing Brain......Page 153
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Brain Specialization for Face Processing......Page 155
Summary......Page 159
Key Terms......Page 161
5 Perceptual and Motor Development......Page 162
5.1 BASIC SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES......Page 163
Smell, Taste, and Touch......Page 164
Hearing......Page 165
Seeing......Page 166
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: The Theory of Intersensory Redundancy......Page 168
5.2 COMPLEX PERCEPTUAL AND ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES......Page 170
Perceiving Objects......Page 171
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Specialized Face Processing During Infancy......Page 176
Attention......Page 177
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 179
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: What’s the Best Treatment for ADHD?......Page 180
5.3 MOTOR DEVELOPMENT......Page 182
Locomotion......Page 183
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Cultural Practices That Influence Motor Development......Page 185
Fine-Motor Skills......Page 187
Physical Fitness......Page 189
Summary......Page 191
Test Yourself......Page 192
Key Terms......Page 193
6 Theories of Cognitive Development......Page 194
6.1 SETTING THE STAGE: PIAGET’S THEORY......Page 195
Basic Principles of Piaget’s Theory......Page 196
Stages of Cognitive Development......Page 197
Piaget’s Contributions to Child Development......Page 203
The Sociocultural Perspective: Vygotsky’s Theory......Page 206
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: How Do Parents in Different Cultures Scaffold Their Children’s Learning?......Page 208
Information Processing......Page 210
Core-Knowledge Theories......Page 215
6.3 UNDERSTANDING IN CORE DOMAINS......Page 217
Understanding Objects and Their Properties......Page 218
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Distinguishing Liquids from Solids......Page 220
Understanding Living Things......Page 221
Understanding People......Page 224
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Theory of Mind in Autism......Page 226
Summary......Page 229
Test Yourself......Page 230
Key Terms......Page 231
7 Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills......Page 232
Origins of Memory......Page 233
Strategies for Remembering......Page 235
Knowledge and Memory......Page 237
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: Fuzzy Trace Theory......Page 238
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Interviewing Children Effectively......Page 242
Developmental Trends in Solving Problems......Page 244
Features of Children’s and Adolescents’ Problem Solving......Page 245
Scientific Problem Solving......Page 249
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Developmental Change in Sensitivity to Sample Size......Page 250
7.3 ACADEMIC SKILLS......Page 252
Reading......Page 253
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Rhyme Is Sublime Because Sounds Abounds......Page 254
Writing......Page 258
Knowing and Using Numbers......Page 260
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Fifth Grade in Taiwan......Page 265
See for Yourself......Page 267
Summary......Page 268
Key Terms......Page 269
8 Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition......Page 270
Psychometric Theories......Page 271
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences......Page 273
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: The Theory of Successful Intelligence......Page 275
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: How Culture Defines What Is Intelligent......Page 277
8.2 MEASURING INTELLIGENCE......Page 278
Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing......Page 279
What Do IQ Scores Predict?......Page 282
Hereditary and Environmental Factors......Page 283
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Providing Children with a Head Start for School......Page 285
Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status......Page 286
Gifted and Creative Children......Page 289
Children with Disability......Page 291
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Phonological Representations in Children with Developmental Dyslexia......Page 293
See for Yourself......Page 296
Summary......Page 297
Test Yourself......Page 298
Key Terms......Page 299
9 Language and Communication......Page 300
Elements of Language......Page 301
Perceiving Speech......Page 302
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Are Cochlear Implants Effective for Young Children?......Page 305
First Steps to Speech......Page 306
Understanding Words as Symbols......Page 308
Fast Mapping Meanings to Words......Page 309
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: A Shape-Bias Theory of Word Learning......Page 311
Individual Differences in Word Learning......Page 313
Encouraging Word Learning......Page 314
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Do Infants Learn Words from Watching Infant-Oriented Media?......Page 315
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Growing Up Bilingual......Page 317
Beyond Words: Other Symbols......Page 318
9.3 SPEAKING IN SENTENCES......Page 320
From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences......Page 321
How Do Children Acquire Grammar?......Page 323
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Promoting Language Development......Page 327
Taking Turns......Page 328
Speaking Effectively......Page 329
Listening Well......Page 331
Summary......Page 333
Test Yourself......Page 334
Key Terms......Page 335
10 Emotional Development......Page 336
The Function of Emotions......Page 337
Experiencing and Expressing Emotions......Page 338
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: “But I Don’t Want to Go to School!”......Page 341
Recognizing and Using Others’ Emotions......Page 342
Regulating Emotions......Page 344
10.2 TEMPERAMENT......Page 346
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: A Theory of the Structure of Temperament in Infancy......Page 347
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Why Is Yoshimi’s Son So Tough?......Page 349
Stability of Temperament......Page 350
Temperament and Other Aspects of Development......Page 351
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Temperament Influences Helping Others......Page 352
10.3 ATTACHMENT......Page 354
The Growth of Attachment......Page 355
The Quality of Attachment......Page 357
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Determining Guidelines for Child Care for Infants and Toddlers......Page 362
Summary......Page 363
Test Yourself......Page 364
Key Terms......Page 365
11 Understanding Self and Others......Page 366
11.1 WHO AM I? SELF-CONCEPT......Page 367
Origins of Self-Recognition......Page 368
The Evolving Self-Concept......Page 369
The Search for Identity......Page 371
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Dea’s Ethnic Identity......Page 373
11.2 SELF-ESTEEM......Page 377
Developmental Change in Self-Esteem......Page 378
Sources of Self-Esteem......Page 380
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Self-Esteem in Gifted Classes......Page 381
Low Self-Esteem: Cause or Consequence?......Page 382
Describing Others......Page 384
Understanding What Others Think......Page 385
Prejudice......Page 387
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Developmental Profiles for Implicit and Explicit Racial Bias......Page 388
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: Developmental Intergroup Theory......Page 390
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Ending Segregated Schools......Page 392
See for Yourself......Page 393
Summary......Page 394
Key Terms......Page 395
12 Moral Understanding and Behavior......Page 396
12.1 SELF-CONTROL......Page 397
Beginnings of Self-Control......Page 398
Influences on Self-Control......Page 399
Improving Children’s Self-Control......Page 400
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Engaging Preschool Children to Help Them Delay Gratification......Page 401
12.2 REASONING ABOUT MORAL ISSUES......Page 402
Piaget’s Views......Page 403
Kohlberg’s Theory......Page 404
Beyond Kohlberg’s Theory......Page 407
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Similarity in Structure of Domains of Social Judgment but Differences in Content......Page 408
Promoting Moral Reasoning......Page 410
12.3 HELPING OTHERS......Page 411
Skills Underlying Prosocial Behavior......Page 412
Situational Influences......Page 413
The Contribution of Heredity......Page 414
Socializing Prosocial Behavior......Page 415
Change and Stability......Page 417
Roots of Aggressive Behavior......Page 419
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: Social-Information-Processing Theory and Children’s Aggressive Behavior......Page 422
Victims of Aggression......Page 424
Summary......Page 427
Key Terms......Page 429
13 Gender and Development......Page 430
How Do We View Men and Women?......Page 431
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Reasoning About Gender-Related Properties......Page 433
Differences in Physical Development and Behavior......Page 436
Differences in Intellectual Abilities and Achievement......Page 438
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: A Cross-Cultural Look at Gender Differences in Math......Page 440
Differences in Personality and Social Behavior......Page 441
Frank Talk About Gender Differences......Page 443
The Socializing Influences of People and the Media......Page 445
Cognitive Theories of Gender Identity......Page 448
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: Gender-Schema Theory......Page 449
Biological Influences......Page 451
Emerging Gender Roles......Page 452
Beyond Traditional Gender Roles......Page 453
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Encouraging Valuable Traits, Not Gender Traits......Page 454
See for Yourself......Page 455
Summary......Page 456
Key Terms......Page 457
14 Family Relationships......Page 458
The Family as a System......Page 459
Styles of Parenting......Page 461
Parental Behavior......Page 464
Influences of the Marital System......Page 466
Children’s Contributions......Page 468
14.2 THE CHANGING FAMILY......Page 469
Impact of Divorce on Children......Page 470
IMPROVING CHILDREN’S LIVES: Helping Children Adjust After Divorce......Page 472
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Evaluation of a Program to Help Parents and Children Adjust to Life After Divorce......Page 473
Blended Families......Page 474
The Role of Grandparents......Page 475
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Grandmothers in African American Families......Page 476
Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents......Page 477
Firstborn, Laterborn, and Only Children......Page 478
CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY POLICY: Assessing the Consequences of China’s One-Child Policy......Page 479
Qualities of Sibling Relationships......Page 481
14.4 MALTREATMENT: PARENT–CHILD RELATIONSHIPS GONE AWRY......Page 483
Consequences of Maltreatment......Page 484
Causes of Maltreatment......Page 485
Preventing Maltreatment......Page 487
Summary......Page 489
Test Yourself......Page 490
Key Terms......Page 491
15 Influences Beyond the Family......Page 492
15.1 PEERS......Page 493
Development of Peer Interactions......Page 494
Friendship......Page 498
FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Influence of Best Friends on Sexual Activity......Page 500
Romantic Relationships......Page 502
Groups......Page 504
Popularity and Rejection......Page 506
CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Keys to Popularity......Page 507
Television......Page 509
Computers......Page 512
15.3 INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES......Page 514
Child Care and After-School Activities......Page 515
Part-Time Employment......Page 517
Neighborhoods......Page 519
SPOTLIGHT ON THEORIES: The Family Economic Stress Model......Page 520
School......Page 523
Summary......Page 526
Test Yourself......Page 527
Key Terms......Page 528
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References......Page 538
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