Childhood Obesity: Contemporary Issues (Society for the Study of Human Biology)

Contents......Page 8
List of Illustr ations......Page 10
List of Tables......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
Introduction......Page 20
The Scope and Impact of Childhood Obesity......Page 22
The Role of Biological and Social Processes in the Etiology of Childhood Obesity......Page 24
The Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 29
Assessing the Scope and Impact of Childhood Obesity......Page 30
Introduction......Page 32
Definition and Assessment......Page 33
Changes in Prevalence over Time......Page 36
Prediction of Future Obesity......Page 37
References......Page 39
Global Perspectives on Adolescent Obesity......Page 42
Shifts in Adult Obesity Are Occurring Across the Globe......Page 43
The Burden of Obesity Has Shifted to the Poor......Page 44
Adolescent Obesity Trends......Page 46
Shifts in Age-Specific Time Trends......Page 48
U.S. Case Study - Insights into Current Dynamics in the Higher-Income World......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 51
A Brief Review of the Health Consequences of Childhood Obesity......Page 54
Increasing Insulin Resistance......Page 55
Diabetes Mellitus......Page 56
Cardiovascular Risks in Association With Obesity......Page 57
Respiratory Disease......Page 58
Gastrointestinal Diseases......Page 59
Psychological Problems......Page 60
Mortality......Page 61
Conclusion......Page 62
References......Page 63
Social and Self-Perception of Obese Children and Adolescents......Page 68
Obesity and Global self-esteem......Page 69
Perceived self-competence......Page 70
The social basis of self-esteem......Page 71
Sociometer Theory......Page 72
The Impact of Victimization......Page 73
Self-Esteem Changes......Page 74
Cognitive Changes......Page 75
Conclusions......Page 76
Improving Self-Esteem?......Page 77
References......Page 78
Self-Perceptions and Physical Activity Behavior of Obese Young People......Page 80
Introduction......Page 81
Methods......Page 82
What Are the Physical Activity Experiences of These Obese Young People?......Page 83
How is the Physical Self Related to Physical Activity Behavior?......Page 86
Ways to Enhance Self-Perceptions Through Physical Activity......Page 88
Ways to Enhance Weight Management......Page 89
References......Page 90
Introduction......Page 94
Methodology......Page 95
Analysis......Page 96
Results......Page 97
Discussion......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 106
The Role of Biological and Social Processes in the Aetiology of Childhood Obesity......Page 108
Introduction......Page 110
Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Obesity......Page 114
Birth Cohorts......Page 116
The Challenges of Birth Cohorts......Page 120
Acknowledgments......Page 123
References......Page 124
Biobehavioral Determinants of Energy Intake and Childhood Obesity......Page 130
Food Intakes......Page 131
Energy Density......Page 133
How Well Do Children Respond to the ED of Foods?......Page 135
Sugar......Page 136
Sugars vs. complex carbohydrates......Page 137
Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates......Page 138
Eating Patterns......Page 139
Meal Frequency......Page 140
Portion Sizes......Page 141
Conclusions......Page 142
References......Page 143
INTRODUCTION......Page 148
Objective Measurement of Children’s Activity......Page 149
Profiling of Children’s Physical Activity......Page 150
Physical Activity Within the School Environment......Page 151
How Physically Active Are Obese Children?......Page 153
Active Travel and Physical Activity Patterns......Page 158
Children’s Physical Activity and Health......Page 159
Conclusion......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
Interactions Among Physical Activity, Food Choice, and Appetite Control: Health Messages in Physical Activity and Diet......Page 164
Physical Activity and Appetite: Possible Scenarios......Page 165
The Effect of Increased Physical Activity on Energy Intake......Page 166
Why Is Exercise Not Always Successful at Inducing Weight Loss?......Page 167
How Does Sedentariness Affect Energy Intake?......Page 169
Individual Differences in the Reward Sensitivity to Food and Exercise......Page 170
Does Physical Activity Affect Appetite Sensitivity?......Page 172
Summary......Page 173
References......Page 174
Introduction......Page 178
Association between Size at Birth and Adult Disease......Page 179
Size at Birth and Early Postnatal Weight Gain......Page 180
Thrifty Genotypes and Obesity Risk......Page 183
Interaction between Phenotype, Genotype, and Obesity Risk......Page 185
Relevance of Perinatal Factors to the Current Increase in Childhood Obesity......Page 187
REFERENCES......Page 188
Childhood Predictors of BMI Tr ajectories......Page 194
1958 British Birth Cohort......Page 195
Predictors and Potential Confounding Factors......Page 196
Statistical Methods......Page 197
Findings......Page 198
Social Class......Page 199
Parental BMI......Page 203
Birth Weight......Page 204
BMI at Age 7 and 11 Years......Page 205
Puberty......Page 206
Discussion......Page 211
References......Page 214
The Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity......Page 218
Childhood Obesity in the Community: Treatment, Prevention, and Monitoring of Childhood Obesity in Leeds, U.K.......Page 220
Treatment of Childhood Obesity......Page 221
The WATCH IT Clinics......Page 222
Prevention of Childhood Obesity......Page 224
The APPLES Program......Page 225
Monitoring the Epidemic of Childhood Obesity......Page 231
The TRENDS Project......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 233
Obesity Prevention in Childhood and Adolescence: A Review of Systematic Reviews......Page 234
Introduction......Page 235
Quality and Quantity of Evidence......Page 236
Other Requirements of the Optimal Evidence Base......Page 237
Main Conclusions of the Reviews......Page 238
Implications of Present Review......Page 242
Ongoing Interventions and Behavioral Targets......Page 243
Methodological Issues in Intervention Studies......Page 245
When to Intervene for Obesity Prevention?......Page 246
References......Page 248
The Barriers to, and the Facilitators of, Healthy Eating Among Children: Findings from a Systematic Review......Page 252
Introduction......Page 253
Methods......Page 254
Results: “Quantitative” Synthesis of Trials (Statistical Meta-Analysis)......Page 256
Can Interventions Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption?......Page 258
Results: “Qualitative” Synthesis of “Views” Studies......Page 259
Children Do not See it as Their Role to be Interested in Health (Theme 1)......Page 264
Future Health Consequences (Theme 2)......Page 265
Children Exercise Choices (Theme 4)......Page 266
Results: Integrating “Quantitative” and “Qualitative” Syntheses......Page 267
Discussion: “Quantitative” Synthesis of Trials......Page 270
Discussion: “Qualitative” Synthesis of “Views” Studies......Page 271
Discussion: Integrating “Quantitative” and “Qualitative” Syntheses......Page 272
Implications for Policy, Practice, and Research......Page 273
Conclusions......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 275
Does Food Promotion Influence Children’s Diet? A Review of the Evidence......Page 280
Introduction......Page 281
Preliminary Literature Search and Development of Review Protocol......Page 282
Second-Stage Relevance and Quality Assessment......Page 284
What Food Items are Being Promoted to Children?......Page 285
Is There a Causal Link Between Food Promotion and Children’s Food Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior?......Page 286
Implications for Obesity Prevention......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
Index......Page 296