Child Development: A Cultural Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1 A Cultural Approach to Child Development
	Section 1 Child Development Today and Its Origins
		A Demographic Profile of Humanity Today
			Population Growth and the Demographic Divide
			Variations Within Countries
		The Origins of Human Diversity
			Evolution and the Birth of Culture
			Human Evolution and Child Development Today
		Summary: Child Development Today and Its Origins
	Section 2 Theories of Child Development
		Classic Theories
			Psychoanalytic Theories
			Behaviorism and Learning Theories
			Constructivist Theories
		Recent Theories
			The Information-Processing Approach
			Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Framework
			Weisner’s Ecocultural Theory
			A Cultural-Developmental Model for This Book
		Summary: Theories of Child Development
	Section 3 How We Study ChildDevelopment
		The Scientific Method
			The Five Steps of the Scientific Method
			Ethics in Child Development Research
		Research Methods and Designs
			Research Methods
		Research Focus: Darwin’s Diary, A Case Study
			Research Designs
		Summary: How We Study Child Development
		Applying Your Knowledge as a professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 2 Genetics and Prenatal Development
	Section 1 Genetic Influenceson Development
		Genetic Basics
			Genotype and Phenotype
			The Sex Chromosomes
		Genes and the Environment
			Principles of Behavior Genetics
			Gene–Environment Interactions: Epigenesis and Reaction Ranges
			The Theory of Genotype
			Environment Effects
		Research Focus: Twin Studies: The Story of Oskar and Jack
		Genes and Individual Development
			Sperm and Egg Formation
			Conception
			Infertility
		Summary: Genetic Influences on Development
	Section 2 Prenatal Developmentand Prenatal Care
		Prenatal Development
			The Germinal Period (First 2 Weeks)
			The Embryonic Period (Weeks 3–8)
			The Fetal Period (Week 9–Birth)
		Prenatal Care
			Variations in Prenatal Care
		Cultural Focus: Pregnancy and Prenatal Care across Cultures
			Teratogens
		Summary: Prenatal Development and Prenatal Care
	Section 3 Pregnancy Problems
		Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders
			Chromosomal Disorders
			Genetic Disorders
		Testing and Counseling Options
			Prenatal Diagnosis
			Genetic Counseling
		Summary: Pregnancy Problems
		Applying Your Knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 3 Birth and the Newborn Child
	Section 1 Birth and Its CulturalContext
		The Birth Process
			Stages of the Birth Process
			Cesarean Delivery
		Historical and Cultural Variations
			The Peculiar History of Birth in the West
			Cultural Variations in Birth Beliefs and Practices
			Cultural Variations in Methods for Easing the Birth Process
		Summary: Birth and Its Cultural Context
	Section 2 The Neonate
		The Neonate’s Health
			Measuring Neonatal Health
			Low Birth Weight
			Neonatal and Maternal Mortality
		Physical Functioning of the Neonate
			Neonatal Sleeping Patterns
			Neonatal Reflexes
			Neonatal Senses
		Summary: The Neonate
	Section 3 Caring for the Neonate
		Nutrition: Is Breast Best?
			Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Breast Feeding
		Cultural Focus: Breast Feeding Practices Across Cultures
			Benefits of Breast Feeding
		Research Focus: Breast Feeding Benefits: Separating Correlation and Causation
		Social and Emotional Aspects of Neonatal Care
			Crying and Soothing
			Bonding: Myth and Truth
			Postpartum Depression
		Summary: Caring for the Neonate
		Applying Your Knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 4 Infancy
	Section 1 Physical Development
		Growth and Change in Infancy
			Growth Patterns
			Brain Development
			Sleep Changes
		Infant Health
			Nutritional Needs
			Infant Mortality
		Motor and Sensory Development
			Motor Development
		Cultural Focus: Infant Fine Motor Development Across Cultures
			Sensory Development
		Summary: Physical Development
	Section 2 Cognitive Development
		Approaches to Understanding Cognitive Change
			Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
		Cultural Focus: Object Permanence Across Cultures
			The Information-Processing Approach
		Assessing Infant Development
			Approaches to Assessing Development
			Can Media Enhance Cognitive Development? The Myth of “Baby Einstein”
		The Beginnings of Language
			First Sounds and Words
			Infant-Directed (ID) Speech
		Summary: Cognitive Development
	Section 3 Emotional and SocialDevelopment
		Temperament
			Conceptualizing Temperament
		Research Focus: Measuring Temperament
			Goodness-of-Fit
		Infants’ Emotions
			Primary Emotions
			Infants’ Emotional Perceptions
		The Social World of the Infant
			Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life
			The Foundation of Social Development: Two Theories
		Cultural Focus: Stranger Anxiety Across Cultures
		Summary: Emotional and Social Development
		Applying Your Knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 5 Toddlerhood
	Section 1 Physical Development
		Growth and Change in Years 2 and 3
			Bodily Growth and Nutrition
			Brain Development
			Motor Development
		Cultural Focus: Gross Motor Development Across Cultures
		Socializing Physical Functions: Toilet Training and Weaning
			Toilet Training
			Weaning
		Summary: Physical Development
	Section 2 Cognitive Development
		Cognitive Development Theories
			Cognitive Development in Toddlerhood: Piaget’s Theory
			Applying Vygotsky’s Cultural Theory of Cognitive Development to Toddlerhood
		Language Development
			The Biological and Evolutionary Bases of Language
			Milestones of Toddler Language: From First Words to Fluency
			Learning Language in a Social and Cultural Context
		Cultural Focus: Language Development Across Cultures
		Summary: Cognitive Development
	Section 3 Emotional and Social Development
		Emotional Development in Toddlerhood
			Toddlers’ Emotions
			The Birth of the Self
			Gender Identity and the Biology of Gender Development
		Attachment Research
			Attachment and the Strange Situation
			Quality of Attachment
		The Social World of the Toddler
			The Role of Fathers
			The Wider Social World: Siblings, Peers, and Friends
			Child Care
		Education Focus: How Do Parents Choose Amongthe Child-Care Options available?
		Research Focus: Early Child Care and Its Consequences
			Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Disruption in Social Development
			Media Use in Toddlerhood
		Summary: Emotional and Social Development
		Applying Your Knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 6 Early Childhood
	Section 1 Physical Development
		Growth From Age 3 to 6
			Bodily Growth
			Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia
		Health and Safety in Early Childhood
			Eating Habits and Malnutrition
			Illnesses and Injuries
		Motor Development
			Gross and Fine Motor Skills
			Handedness
		Summary: Physical Development
	Section 2 Cognitive Development
		Theories of Cognitive Development
			Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development
			Information Processing in Early Childhood: Attention, Memory, and Executive Function
			Understanding Thinking: The Development of “Theory of Mind”
		Cultural Focus: Theory of Mind Across Cultures
			Cultural Learning in Early Childhood
		Early Childhood Education
			The Importance of Quality in Early Childhood Education
			Preschool as a Cognitive Intervention
		Language Development
			Advances in Vocabulary and Grammar
			Pragmatics: Social and Cultural Rules of Language
		Summary: Cognitive Development
	Section 3 Emotional and SocialDevelopment
		Emotional Regulation and Gender Socialization
			Emotional Regulation
			Moral Development
			Gender Development
		Parenting
			Parenting “Styles”
			Discipline and Punishment
		The Child’s Expanding Social World
			Childhood Social Stages and Children’s Increasing Independence
			Siblings and “Only Children”
			Peers and Friends
		Research Focus: Shyness in China and Canada:Cultural Interpretations
			Media Use in Early Childhood
		Summary: Emotional and Social Development
		Applying Your Knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 7 Middle Childhood
	Section 1 Physical Development
		Growth in Middle Childhood
			Physical Growth and Sensory Development
			Motor Development
		Health Issues
			Malnutrition and Obesity
			Illness and Injuries
		Summary: Physical Development
	Section 2 Cognitive Development
		Theories of Cognitive Development
			Concrete Operations
			Information Processing
			Intelligence and Intelligence Tests
		Language Development
			Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pragmatics
			Bilingualism and Second-Language Learning
		School in Middle Childhood
			School Experiences and Achievement
		Cultural Focus: School and Education in Middle Childhood Across Cultures
		Education Focus: Achievement Motivation in School
			Learning the Cognitive Skills of School
			Educating Children With Special Needs
		Summary: Cognitive Development
	Section 3 Emotional and Social Development
		Emotional and Self-Development
			Smooth Sailing: Advances in Emotional Self-Regulation
			Self-Understanding
			Gender Development
		The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle Childhood
			Family Relations
			Friends and Peers
		Cultural Focus: Friendships and Peer Relationshipsin Middle Childhood Across Cultures
			Work
			Media Use
		Research Focus: Tv or not Tv?
		Summary: Emotional and Social Development
		Applying your knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 8 Adolescence
	Section 1 Physical Development
		Biological Changes of Puberty
			The Physical Changes of Puberty
			The Timing of Puberty
			Cultural Responses: Puberty Rituals
		Health Issues in Adolescence
			Eating Disorders
			Substance Use
		Summary: Physical Development
	Section 2 Cognitive Development
		Adolescent Cognition
			Piaget’s Theory of Formal Operations
			Information Processing: Selective Attention and Advances in Memory
			Social Cognition: The Imaginary Audience and the Personal Fable
			Culture and Cognition
		Education and Work
			Secondary Education in the United States
			Secondary Education Worldwide
			Work
		Summary: Cognitive Development
	Section 3 Emotional and Social Development
		Emotional and Self-Development
			Emotionality in Adolescence: Storm and Stress?
			Self-Development
		Cultural Beliefs: Morality and Religion
			Moral Development
			Religious Beliefs
		The Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence
			Family Relationships
		Research Focus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents’ Family lives
		Cultural Focus: Adolescent Conflict With parents Across Cultures
			Peers and Friends
			Romantic Relationships and Adolescent Sexuality
		Education Focus: Sex Education: A Public Health Endeavor
			Media Use
		Problems and Resilience
			Crime and Delinquency
			Depression
			Resilience in Adolescence
		Summary: Emotional and Social Development
		Applying Your Knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Chapter 9 Emerging Adulthood
	Section 1 Physical Development
		The Emergence of Emerging Adulthood
			Five Features
			The Cultural Context of Emerging Adulthood
		Cultural Focus: The Features of Emerging Adulthood
		Physical Changes of Emerging Adulthood
			The Peak of Physical Functioning
			Sleep Patterns and Deficits
		Risk Behavior and Health Issues
			Injuries and Fatalities: Automobile Accidents
		Research Focus: Graduated Driver Licensing
			Substance Use and Abuse
		Summary: Physical Development
	Section 2 Cognitive Development
		Postformal Thought
			Pragmatism
			Reflective Judgment
		Education and Work
			Tertiary Education: College, University, and Training Programs
		Cultural Focus: Postsecondary Education Across Cultures
		Education Focus: Study Abroad and Global Citizenship
			Finding Adult Work
		Summary: Cognitive Development
	Section 3 Emotional and SocialDevelopment
		Emotional and Self-Development
			Self-Esteem
			Identity Development
			Gender Development: Cultural Beliefs and Stereotypes
		Cultural Beliefs
			Religious Development
			Political Development
		The Social and Cultural Contexts of Emerging Adulthood
			Family Relationships
			Friendships
			Love and Sexuality
			Media Use
		Cultural Focus: Media Use in Emerging Adulthood Across Cultures
		Summary: Emotional and Social Development
		Applying Your Knowledge as a Professional
			Chapter Quiz
Glossary
References
Answers
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index