Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health

Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health......Page 1
Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
About the Editors......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
Foreword by Janet A. Deatrick......Page 12
Foreword by Judith Haber......Page 13
Preface......Page 14
Peer Reviewers......Page 16
Introduction/Overview......Page 19
Self-regulation......Page 20
Emotional Regulation......Page 21
Temperament......Page 22
Self-regulation......Page 23
Assessment......Page 24
Observations in Context: Children with Serious Emotional or Behavioral Problems......Page 26
Linkages with Behavioral/Psychiatric Profile......Page 27
Evidence-based Implications for Practice......Page 30
Family Foundations......Page 31
Temperament-based Intervention Plan......Page 32
Resources for Professionals: Evidence-based and Empirically Tested Prevention Intervention Programs......Page 33
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 39
Cerebral Cortex......Page 40
Synaptic Organization of the Brain......Page 41
Dendrites and Dendritic Spines......Page 42
Early Gestational Events in the Development of the Nervous System......Page 43
Neurotransmission......Page 44
Signal Transduction......Page 45
Dopamine......Page 46
Norepinephrine......Page 48
Serotonin......Page 49
GABA and Glutamate......Page 50
References......Page 51
Overview of Chapter......Page 54
Integrating Psychiatric and Physical Assessment Approaches......Page 56
Eliciting Information......Page 57
Areas of Psychiatric Assessment of Children and Adolescents......Page 58
Developmental History......Page 59
Activities of Daily Living......Page 60
Substance Use/Abuse History......Page 61
Mental Status Examination MSE......Page 62
Physical Examination......Page 63
Use of Assessment Tools......Page 64
Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents DICA......Page 65
Identifying Risk and Protective Factors......Page 66
Referral to Mental Health Professionals......Page 67
Case Exemplar......Page 68
References......Page 69
Appendix 4.A......Page 72
Appendix 4.B......Page 74
Appendix 4.C......Page 78
Appendix 4.D......Page 82
Sexuality in Childhood......Page 86
Physical Development in Females......Page 87
Physical Development in Males......Page 89
Early Onset......Page 90
Delayed Onset......Page 91
Sexual Behaviors......Page 92
Pregnancy......Page 93
Sexual and Gender Identity......Page 94
Oppression: Heterosexism and Homophobia......Page 95
Mental Health......Page 97
Self-realization and Coming Out......Page 98
Sexual Behavior......Page 99
Safe Health Care......Page 100
Conclusion......Page 101
Resources for Clinicians......Page 102
References......Page 103
Introduction......Page 108
Assessment......Page 109
Formulation of a Diagnosis and Plan......Page 110
Decision Making......Page 114
Pharmacology......Page 115
Dosing......Page 116
Mood Stabilizers......Page 117
Indications for Use......Page 119
Assessment......Page 122
Pharmacology......Page 125
Pharmacology......Page 127
References......Page 132
SECTION 2 Treatment......Page 107
Introduction......Page 134
Historical Perspective......Page 135
Environmental......Page 136
Presenting Signs and Symptoms of ADHD......Page 137
Oppositional Defiant Disorderand Conduct Disorder......Page 138
Nonpharmacological......Page 139
Approach to Management......Page 140
Case 2......Page 143
References......Page 145
Introduction......Page 148
Normative Anxiety as Part  of  Development......Page 149
Role of Trauma in the Development of Anxiety......Page 150
Assessment of Anxiety......Page 151
Common Presenting Signs and Symptoms of Anxiety......Page 152
Comorbidities of Anxiety Disorder with Other Psychiatric Disorders......Page 153
Psychotropic Medication Management of Anxiety Disorders......Page 154
Case Exemplar......Page 156
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 160
Symptom Recognition in Children and Adolescents......Page 161
Bipolar Disorder......Page 162
Biological Evidence......Page 164
Cognitive Evidence......Page 165
Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in the Context of  Mood Dysregulation......Page 166
Assessing Mood Dysregulation in Primary Care......Page 167
History of  the Present  Illness......Page 168
Psychosocial History......Page 169
Physical Examination......Page 171
Surveillance and Screening......Page 172
Role  of  APNs......Page 173
Pharmacological  Intervention......Page 174
Implications for Practice and Nursing  Research......Page 175
Case Exemplar......Page 177
References......Page 178
Introduction......Page 182
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury......Page 183
Influencing Affect Regulation......Page 184
As an Experience of  Excitement......Page 185
The Internet and NSSI......Page 186
Maintenance of NSSI Behaviors......Page 187
Assessment of Self-Injury in Primary Care......Page 188
Suicide......Page 189
Suicide Screening......Page 191
Evidence-Based Nursing Interventions......Page 193
Implications for Practice, Education, and Research......Page 194
Activities......Page 195
Screening and Other Tools......Page 196
References......Page 197
Introduction......Page 199
Presenting Symptoms......Page 200
DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria......Page 201
Evidence-based Data and Assessment Tools......Page 202
Neurobiological/Neurophysiological Factors......Page 204
Evidence-Based Nursing Intervention......Page 205
Integration with Primary Care......Page 206
Case Exemplar 1: Case Study of an Adolescent with Schizophrenia......Page 208
Case Exemplar 2: Case Study of a Seven-year-old Child with Schizophrenia......Page 209
Resources on Perceptual Alterations Disorders Community Groups, Websites, Advocacy, and Treatment Resources......Page 210
References......Page 211
Introduction......Page 213
Onset and Prevalence......Page 214
Genetic and Neurobiological Factors......Page 215
Psychosocial Triggers......Page 216
Diagnostic Criteria......Page 217
Medical Complications......Page 219
Psychiatric Comorbidities......Page 220
The Primary Care Practitioner Role in the Diagnosis and Management of Eating Disorders......Page 221
Calculating and Plotting Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index BMI......Page 222
Laboratory Tests and Procedures......Page 223
Follow-up Care......Page 224
Differential Psychiatric Diagnosis......Page 225
Family-Based Treatment......Page 226
Exemplary Models of InterdisciplinaryCollaboration......Page 227
Case Exemplar......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 229
References......Page 230
Introduction......Page 233
Parental Age......Page 234
Genetic Predisposition......Page 235
Red Flags......Page 236
Repetitive and Stereotyped Patterns of Behavior and Restricted Interests......Page 237
Physical Assessment and Examination......Page 238
Laboratory and Diagnostic Investigations......Page 239
Current Diagnostic Criteria......Page 240
Psychiatric Comorbidities......Page 241
Medical Comorbidities......Page 243
Interventions for Speech and Language Development......Page 244
Video Modeling......Page 245
Interventions for Sleep Problems......Page 246
Atypical Antipsychotic Agents......Page 247
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Interventions......Page 248
Integration with Primary Care......Page 250
Case Exemplar......Page 251
References......Page 252
Introduction......Page 257
Etiology of Learning Disorders......Page 258
Intellectual Disabilities: Clinical Picture......Page 259
Primary Care Screening......Page 262
Postscreening Assessment and Treatment Planning......Page 263
Specific Federal Acts Protecting Those with Disabilities......Page 265
Assisting with Family Coping......Page 266
Resiliency Model......Page 267
Case Exemplar......Page 268
References......Page 269
Introduction......Page 272
Neurobiology of Play......Page 273
Theoretical Frameworks of Play......Page 274
Play Therapy as Evidence-Based Practice......Page 275
Art......Page 276
Puppets......Page 277
Group Characteristics......Page 278
Further Evidence for Groups......Page 280
Practice, Education, and Research Implications......Page 281
Case Exemplar......Page 282
References......Page 283
Introduction......Page 286
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy......Page 287
What Is the Evidence Base for This Therapy?......Page 288
What Is It?......Page 289
What Is the Evidence Base for This Therapy?......Page 290
What Happens in Therapy?......Page 291
What Happens in Therapy?......Page 292
Family Therapy......Page 293
Case Exemplar......Page 294
What Happens in Therapy?......Page 298
What Happens in Therapy?......Page 299
For Whom Does It Work?......Page 300
What Happens in Therapy?......Page 301
References......Page 302
Introduction......Page 308
Cognitive Techniques......Page 309
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches for Anxious Behaviors......Page 310
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches for Depressed Behaviors......Page 312
Other Child/Adolescent Disorders Addressed with CBT Interventions......Page 313
Cognitive Interventions in Primary Care......Page 314
Preventive Mental Health......Page 316
Overview of Behavioral Techniques Used in Both Specialty and Primary Care......Page 317
Parent Training......Page 318
Behavioral Approaches for Autistic Spectrum......Page 319
Behavior Change Strategies with Young Children in Primary Care......Page 320
Conclusion......Page 321
References......Page 322
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems......Page 328
A Diagnostic Classification System for Young Children Zero to Three......Page 329
Deprivation/Maltreatment Disorder......Page 330
Disorders of Affect......Page 331
Adjustment Disorder......Page 332
Feeding and Eating Disorders......Page 333
A Developmental Approach to Assessment......Page 334
Observational Assessments of Parent-Child Interaction......Page 335
Input from the Parents or Primary Caregiver......Page 336
Observation and Interaction with the Child......Page 338
Play Therapy......Page 339
Child-Parent Therapy......Page 340
Psychopharmacology......Page 341
Case Exemplar......Page 342
Implications for Research and Education......Page 343
References......Page 344
SECTION 3 Special Populations......Page 327
Introduction......Page 348
A Developmental Perspective......Page 349
The Community Context......Page 350
Medical and Mental Health Needs of Incarcerated Youth......Page 351
Substance Abusing Youth and Juvenile Offending......Page 353
Assessing Risk and Amenability to Treatment......Page 354
Disproportionate Minority Confinement/Contact......Page 357
Youthful Sex Offenders......Page 358
Case Exemplar......Page 359
Evidence-Based Practice......Page 360
Nursing’s Contributions to the Field......Page 361
References......Page 362
Terminology......Page 367
Trends in Substance Use During Childhood and Adolescence......Page 368
Tobacco......Page 369
Opioids......Page 370
Neurobiology......Page 371
Risk and Protective Factors......Page 372
Screening......Page 373
Brief Interventions......Page 378
Evidence-Based Treatment......Page 379
Medically Supervised Opiate Withdrawal MSW......Page 381
Collaborative Nursing Care......Page 382
Case Exemplar......Page 383
References......Page 384
Description of the Issue......Page 389
Epidemiology......Page 391
Etiology......Page 392
Profile of the Traumatized Child and Adolescent......Page 393
Assessment......Page 394
Intervention......Page 399
Forensic Implications......Page 401
Implications for Research and Education......Page 402
Initial Evaluation......Page 403
References......Page 404
The Current State of the U.S. Child Welfare System......Page 407
Annie E. Casey Foundation......Page 408
Kinship Care......Page 409
Physical and Developmental Health Care Needs......Page 410
Educational Needs......Page 411
Intensive Family Preservation......Page 412
System of Care......Page 413
Intensive Case Management......Page 414
Comprehensive Health Assessment......Page 415
Conclusion......Page 416
References......Page 417
Introduction......Page 419
History and Evolution of Pediatric Palliative Care in the United States......Page 420
Ethical Foundations and Legal Issues......Page 421
Settings for Provision of Pediatric Palliative Care......Page 422
Barriers to Pediatric Palliative Care......Page 424
Communication......Page 425
Case Exemplar......Page 427
Grief and Bereavement......Page 428
Compassion Fatigue......Page 429
Future Directions......Page 430
Summary......Page 431
Family Resources......Page 432
References......Page 433
Introduction......Page 436
Defining Integrated Health Care......Page 437
Integrated Health Care......Page 438
Patient-Centered Health Home......Page 440
Examples of Different Models of Care......Page 441
Challenges and Barriers......Page 442
Implications for Practice, Research, and Education......Page 443
Case Exemplar......Page 444
References......Page 445
SECTION 4 Special Issues......Page 435
Description of the Issue......Page 447
Who Is the Client?......Page 448
Duties to Patients......Page 449
Potential Liabilities for the Nurse......Page 450
Disciplinary Actions......Page 451
Importance of Documentation......Page 452
Moral Distress......Page 453
Implications for Practice......Page 454
Confidentiality and the Right to Information......Page 455
Capacity and Competence......Page 456
Informed Consent......Page 457
Chemical or Physical Restraint......Page 458
Implications for Education and Continuing Education......Page 459
Adherence to Therapeutic Regimen......Page 460
Concept Illustration 1......Page 461
References......Page 464
Introduction......Page 466
Comparison of Evidence-Based Practice to Traditional Clinical Practice......Page 467
Searching for the Best Available Evidence......Page 468
Understanding the Evidence......Page 469
Practice Guidelines......Page 471
Implications for Future Directions......Page 472
References......Page 473
Changing U.S. Demographics......Page 474
Stages of Migration......Page 475
Acculturation......Page 476
Child Fostering......Page 477
Discrimination......Page 478
Potential Protective Factors......Page 479
Assessment and Screening Tools......Page 480
Research, Education, and Practice Implications......Page 482
Case Exemplar......Page 483
References......Page 484
Introduction......Page 487
Research Collaborators and Investigators......Page 488
Sources of Research Funding for Nurses......Page 489
Conducting Health Behavior Research with At-Risk Children, Adolescents, and Families......Page 490
Multilevel Models......Page 491
Case Exemplar......Page 492
The Jamaican Mother-Daughter HIV Risk Reduction Intervention Curricula......Page 493
Informed Consent......Page 494
Summary......Page 495
References......Page 496
Mental Health in the Education System......Page 498
School-Based Health Centers......Page 501
Etiology of Behavioral Health in Schools......Page 502
The School Team......Page 503
Linkage With Behavioral/Psychiatric Profile of the Child and Adolescent......Page 504
The APN Role in School Collaboration......Page 505
Evidence-Based Implications for Practice, Research, and Education in Child and Adolescent Behavioral Health in Primary Care......Page 506
Case Exemplar......Page 508
Summary......Page 509
References......Page 510
Introduction......Page 513
Children’s Rights......Page 514
Policy Formation......Page 515
Timeline of Existing Policy Development......Page 516
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Promotion......Page 518
Collaborative Advocacy......Page 520
References......Page 521
Index......Page 524