Chesley's Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy, 3rd Edition

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Copyright Page\r......Page 2
List of Contributors......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
HISTORY (Fig. 1.1)......Page 7
Proteinuria......Page 10
Hypertension......Page 11
Hypotheses And Rational Management......Page 12
Prophylaxis......Page 14
Classification Of The Hypertensive Disorders In Pregnancy......Page 15
Measurement of Blood Pressure......Page 17
Preeclampsia–\rEclampsia......Page 19
False Steps in the Study of Preeclampsia......Page 20
References......Page 26
Introduction......Page 30
Maternal Immune Priming For Pregnancy –\r Adapting To A Foreign Fetus......Page 31
Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 78
Calcium Supplementation......Page 32
Alpha 1-Adrenergic Receptor Antibodies in Patients with Hypertension......Page 33
Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Preeclampsia......Page 147
Platelet Angiotensin II-Binding Sites......Page 34
Blindness......Page 35
Uteroplacental Perfusion......Page 36
Differential Diagnosis......Page 37
References......Page 39
Frequency Of Occurrence......Page 41
Discussion Of Differential Frequency Estimates......Page 42
Early Diagnosis and Evaluation......Page 382
Clinical Predictors......Page 44
First Birth And Other Placental Factors......Page 45
Platelet Second Messengers......Page 333
Day-Care Unit......Page 46
Maternal–\rFetal Immune Interfaces And Maternal Recognition Of Fetal (Paternal) Antigens......Page 48
Diuretics......Page 368
References......Page 50
Introduction......Page 55
Tests to Predict Preeclampsia......Page 89
Biological Pathways Of Preeclampsia......Page 58
Diagnosis......Page 347
Immunogenetic Factors (see also Chapter 8)......Page 59
Systemic Arterial Properties in Normal Pregnancy......Page 249
Family Reports......Page 60
Pregnancy-Induced Changes in Insulin and Lipid Metabolism......Page 112
Indications for Delivery......Page 285
Antithrombotic Agents......Page 62
Low-Dose Aspirin Plus Heparin......Page 63
Dyslipidemia......Page 64
Endotoxin Infusion......Page 65
Thrombophilias......Page 66
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Maternal Mortality and Morbidity......Page 219
Drug Use While Breastfeeding......Page 338
Genomic Ethnicity......Page 68
Epigenetics......Page 69
The Future Of Preeclampsia Genetic Research......Page 70
Conclusions......Page 71
References......Page 72
Prevention of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia......Page 76
Fetal Safety And Drug Use In Pregnant Women......Page 365
High-Risk Pregnancy Unit......Page 132
During Normal Pregnancy, Invasive Cytotrophoblasts Modulate Their Adhesion Molecule Repertoire To Mimic That Of Vascular Cells......Page 82
In Preeclampsia, Invasive Cytotrophoblasts Fail To Switch Their Adhesion Molecule Repertoire To Mimic That Of Vascular Cells......Page 84
Preeclampsia Is A Two-Stage Disease......Page 133
References......Page 87
Blood Pressure......Page 191
Fetal Circulation and Placental Villous Angiogenesis......Page 90
Sympathetic Nervous System Inhibition......Page 92
Angiogenic Imbalance In Preeclampsia......Page 94
Antepartum Hospitalization versus Outpatient Care......Page 193
Soluble fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 1 (sFlt1 or sVEGFR1)......Page 95
Speculations About the Mechanisms of Preeclampsia......Page 99
Calcium Channel Antagonists......Page 100
Introduction......Page 106
Metabolic Syndrome......Page 107
Obesity......Page 108
Free Fatty Acids and TNF-α......Page 109
Renin–\rAngiotensin System......Page 111
Blood–\rBrain Barrier in Pregnancy......Page 231
Coupling Between Left Ventricle and Systemic Arterial Circulation in Normal Pregnancy......Page 251
Obesity and Insulin Resistance......Page 113
Inflammation......Page 115
Cross-Sectional Studies......Page 255
Free Fatty Acids and Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia......Page 116
Left Ventricular Properties in Preeclampsia......Page 256
Antiphospholipid Antibodies......Page 117
Later-life Cardiovascular Risk (see also Chapter 3)......Page 118
Metabolic Syndrome: A Cause of Placental Dysfunction?......Page 119
Summary and Perspectives......Page 121
References......Page 122
Innate And Adaptive Immunity......Page 130
Systemic Arterial Hemodynamics in Normal Pregnancy......Page 246
Introduction......Page 292
Platelet Activation in Vivo......Page 332
Stage 1 Preeclampsia, Interface 1, And Maternal Immune Responses To Trophoblast......Page 135
The Th1/Th2 Hypothesis......Page 136
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Vasodilation......Page 298
Direct Vasodilators......Page 137
Trophoblast Microparticles......Page 138
Maternal Predisposing Factors......Page 139
Initiation, Dose, Duration, and Route of Administration......Page 221
Clinical Implications And Conclusions......Page 140
Evidence for Antihypertensive Treatment in Mild to Moderate Hypertension......Page 353
Introduction......Page 144
Agonistic Autoantibody-Mediated Disease......Page 265
Endothelial Cell “Activation” in Preeclamp\rsia......Page 145
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography......Page 146
Scleroderma......Page 228
Pregnancy......Page 297
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A......Page 148
TNF-α as a Mediator of Endothelial Cell Activation in Preeclampsia......Page 149
Altered Trophoblastic Kinase......Page 150
Non-esterified Fatty Acids......Page 151
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor......Page 152
Matrix Metalloproteinases......Page 153
Hydralazine versus Labetalol......Page 154
Oxidative Stress as a Mediator of Endothelial Cell Dysfunction......Page 155
Prostacylin Production......Page 156
Nitric Oxide......Page 157
Part IV: Summary, Speculations, and Directions of Future Investigations......Page 158
References......Page 159
Kidney Function......Page 169
Vascular Reactivity (see also Chapters 3, 15 and 1631516)......Page 170
Cardiovascular Drugs......Page 172
Nitric Oxide......Page 176
Dietary Factors......Page 351
Medical Treatment of Eclampsia......Page 178
The Study of Antiangiogenic Factors......Page 179
Animals With Preexisting Diseases That May Predispose to Preeclampsia......Page 180
References......Page 181
Genesis of Antibodies Directed Against Receptors......Page 189
Centrally Acting α2-Adrenergic Agonists......Page 192
Activin A......Page 194
Microalbuminuria......Page 195
References......Page 196
References......Page 260
Circulating Angiogenic Factors......Page 197
Free Fetal Deoxyribonucleic Acid......Page 199
Combination Of Tests......Page 200
Perspectives And Conclusions......Page 201
Preconception Counseling......Page 203
Renal Hemodynamics and Glomerular Filtration Rate During Normal Pregnancy......Page 212
Dilated Cardiomyopathy......Page 283
Fish Oil......Page 213
Diuretics......Page 214
Vitamins C and E......Page 215
Low-Dose Aspirin......Page 216
Magnesium Sulfate for Mild Preeclampsia......Page 217
Magnesium Sulfate in Severe Preeclampsia......Page 218
Treatment for Eclampsia (see Chapter 21)......Page 220
Management Of Severe Hypertension......Page 222
Introduction......Page 225
Cerebral Lesions With Pathogenesis Of Eclampsia......Page 226
Blood–\rBrain Barrier......Page 230
Agonistic Anti-AT1 Receptor Antibodies in Preeclampsia......Page 284
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate Treatment......Page 232
Computed Tomography......Page 233
Expectant Management of Midtrimester Severe Preeclampsia......Page 388
Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient......Page 234
Cerebral Hemodynamics in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia......Page 235
Velocity-Encoded Phase Contrast MRI......Page 237
Cortical Blindness......Page 238
Remote Prognosis of Brain Lesions......Page 239
Mean Circulatory Filling Pressure......Page 248
Left Ventricular Properties in Normal Pregnancy......Page 250
Systemic Arterial Hemodynamics in Preeclampsia......Page 252
Pregnancy......Page 370
Autonomic Nervous System......Page 257
References......Page 258
Summary of Fibrinolysis in Preeclampsia......Page 259
“Normal-Fill”  or Resetting of the “Volumestat”\r......Page 267
Body Water and Tonicity, and Vasopressin Secretion......Page 268
Extracellular Volume in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia......Page 269
Preeclampsia......Page 270
Plasma Volume in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia......Page 271
Plasma Volume Expansion as Therapy for Preeclampsia......Page 272
Antithrombin III (AT-III)......Page 336
Acute and Chronic Sodium Loading......Page 273
Mineralocoids and the Renin– Angiotensin–\rAldosterone Axis......Page 274
Preeclampsia......Page 275
Antinaturetic Peptides in Pregnancy......Page 276
Conclusions......Page 277
Agonistic Autoantibody-Mediated Disease\r......Page 282
Introduction......Page 330
AT1-AA in Animal Models (see also Chapter 10)......Page 286
Presence of AT1-AA in Other Diseases......Page 288
Perspectives......Page 289
References......Page 290
Renal Clearances of para-Aminohippurate and Inulin......Page 293
Mechanisms for Alterations of Renal Hemodynamics and GFR......Page 295
Plasma Volume Expansion......Page 296
Renal Hemodynamics And Glomerular Filtration Rate In Preeclampsia......Page 301
Metabolic Disturbances and Hypertension......Page 306
Preeclampsia......Page 307
Fetal Effects......Page 309
Summary......Page 311
Urinary Excretion of Low Molecular Weight (LMW) Proteins......Page 312
Circulating Proteins......Page 313
Glomerular Permeability to Proteins......Page 314
Summary......Page 316
Microscopic Descriptions\r......Page 317
Specificity of the Preeclampsia Lesion\r......Page 319
References\r......Page 321
Additional References Cited only in Tables\r......Page 329
Platelets in Normal Pregnancies and with Preeclampsia......Page 331
Coagulation......Page 334
Coagulation Cascade Factors......Page 335
Factor V Leiden......Page 337
Summary of Platelets and the Coagulation Cascade Contributions to Preeclampsia......Page 339
Hepatic Hematoma and Subcapsular Hematoma......Page 340
Corticosteroid Therapy......Page 341
References......Page 342
Cardiac and Hemodynamic Alterations......Page 348
Chronic Hypertension with Superimposed Preeclampsia......Page 349
Essential Hypertension......Page 350
Antihypertensive Therapy for Mild to Moderate Hypertension......Page 367
Hormonal and Biochemical Alterations......Page 352
Primary Aldosteronism......Page 354
Pheochromocytoma......Page 355
Cushing Syndrome......Page 356
Management Principles......Page 357
Plasma Volume Expansion......Page 397
Pharmacologic Management (see Chapter 20)......Page 358
References......Page 359
Preeclampsia......Page 363
General Principles In The Choice Of Antihypertensive Agents......Page 364
Choice Of An Antihypertensive Drug For Use In Pregnancy......Page 366
Modulators of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone Axis\r......Page 371
Pregnancy......Page 372
Evidence from Randomized Trials......Page 373
Evidence for Antihypertensive Treatment in Severe Hypertension......Page 375
Conclusion......Page 376
References......Page 377
Home Health Care......Page 383
Delayed Delivery with Early-Onset Preeclampsia......Page 386
Immediate Management of Seizure......Page 390
Magnesium Sulfate to Control Convulsions......Page 391
Pharmacology and Toxicology......Page 392
Uterine Effects......Page 393
Clinical Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate Therapy......Page 394
Labetalol......Page 395
Fluid Therapy......Page 396
Prevention Of Eclampsia......Page 398
Parkland Hospital Study of Selective versus Universal Magnesium Sulfate Prophylaxis......Page 399
Analgesia and Anesthesia......Page 400
References......Page 402
Index\r......Page 408