Chemistry: The Central Science

Cover
Frontmatter
	Half title
	Dedication
	Title
	Imprint
	Brief contents
	Detailed contents
	Preface
	Guided tour for students
	Guided tour for educators
	Acknowledgements
	About the Australian authors
	About the American authors
Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and measurement
	1.1 The study of chemistry
		The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry
		Why Study Chemistry?
	1.2 Classifications of matter
		States of Matter
		Composition of Matter
	1.3 Properties of matter
		Physical and Chemical Changes
		Separation of Mixtures
	1.4 Units of measurement
		SI Units
		A closer look: The scientific method
		Derived SI Units
	1.5 Uncertainty in measurement
		My world of chemistry: Chemistry in the news
		Precision and Accuracy
		Significant Figures
		Significant Figures in Calculations
		Strategies in chemistry: The importance of practice and estimating answers
		Strategies in chemistry: The features of this book
		Chapter summary and key terms
		Key skills
		Key equations
		Exercises
Chapter 2 Atoms, molecules and ions
	2.1 Atomic theory of matter
	2.2 The discovery of atomic structure
		Cathode Rays and Electrons
		Radioactivity
		The Nuclear Atom
	2.3 The modern view of atomic structure
		A closer  look: Basic forces
		Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers and Isotopes
	2.4 Atomic mass
		The Atomic Mass Scale
		Average Atomic Masses
		A closer look: The mass spectrometer
	2.5 The periodic table
	2.6 Molecules and molecular compounds
		Molecules and Chemical Formulae
		Molecular and Empirical Formulae
		Picturing Molecules
	2.7 Ions and ionic compounds
		Predicting Ionic Charges
		Ionic Compounds
		My world of chemistry: Elements required by living organisms
	2.8 Naming inorganic compounds
		Names and Formulae of Ionic Compounds
		Names and Formulae of Acids
		Names and Formulae of Binary Molecular Compounds
	2.9 Some simple organic compounds
		Alkanes
		Some Derivatives of Alkanes
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Exercises
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with chemical formulae and equations
	3.1 Chemical equations
		Balancing Equations
		Indicating the States of Reactants and Products
	3.2 Some simple patterns of chemical reactivity
		Combination and Decomposition Reactions
		Combustion Reactions
	3.3 Formula mass
		Formula and Molecular Masses
		Percentage Composition from Formulae
		Strategies in chemistry: Problem solving
	3.4 Avogadro's number and the mole
		Molar Mass
		My world of chemistry: Glucose monitoring
		Interconverting Masses and Moles
		Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles
	3.5 Empirical formulae from analyses
		Molecular Formulae from Empirical Formulae
		Combustion Analysis
	3.6 Quantitative information from balanced chemical equations
	3.7 Limiting reactants
		Theoretical Yields
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 4 Reactions in aqueous solutions
	4.1 General properties of aqueous solutions
		Electrolytic Properties
		Ionic Compounds in Water
		Molecular Compounds in Water
		Strong and Weak Electrolytes
	4.2 Precipitation reactions
		Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds
		Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions
		Ionic Equations
	4.3 Acids, bases and neutralisation reactions
		Acids
		Bases
		Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
		Neutralisation Reactions and Salts
		Neutralisation Reactions with Gas Formation
		My world of chemistry: Antacids
	4.4 Oxidation-reduction reactions
		Oxidation and Reduction
		Oxidation Numbers
		Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts
		The Activity Series
		A closer look: The aura of gold
	4.5 Concentrations of solutions
		Molarity
		Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte
		Interconverting Molarity, Moles and Volume
		Dilution
		My world of chemistry: Drinking too much water can kill you
	4.6 Solution stoichiometry and chemical analysis
		Titrations
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 5 Nuclear chemistry: Changes within the core of an atom
	5.1 Radioactivity
		Nuclear Equations
		Types of Radioactive Decay
	5.2 Patterns of nuclear stability
		Neutron-to-Proton Ratio
		Radioactive Series
		Further Observations
	5.3 Nuclear transmutations
		Accelerating Charged Particles
		Reactions Involving Neutrons
		Transuranium Elements
	5.4 Rates of radioactive decay
		Radiometric Dating
		Calculations Based on Half-Life
	5.5 Detection of radioactivity
		Radiotracers
	5.6 Energy changes in nuclear reactions
		My world of chemistry: Medical applications of radiotracers
		Nuclear Binding Energies
	5.7 Nuclear power: Fission
		Nuclear Reactors
		A closer look: The dawning of the nuclear age
		Nuclear Waste
	5.8 Nuclear power: Fusion
	5.9 Radiation in the environment and living systems
		Radiation Doses
		Radon
		My world of chemistry: Radiation therapy
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 6 Electronic structure of atoms
	6.1 The wave nature of light
	6.2 Quantised energy and photons
		Hot Objects and the Quantisation of Energy
		The Photoelectric Effect and Photons
	6.3 Line spectra and the Bohr model
		Line Spectra
		Bohr’s Model
		The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom
		Limitations of the Bohr Model
	6.4 The wave behaviour of matter
		My world of chemistry: Australian Synchrotron
		The Uncertainty Principle
	6.5 Quantum mechanics and atomic orbitals
		Orbitals and Quantum Numbers
	6.6 Representations of orbitals
		The s Orbitals
		The p Orbitals
		The d and f Orbitals
		A closer look: Probability density and radial probability functions
	6.7 Many-electron atoms
		Orbitals and their Energies
		Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle
	6.8 Electron configurations
		Hund’s Rule
		Electron Configurations
		Transition Metals
		The Lanthanides and Actinides
	6.9 Electron configurations and the periodic table
		Anomalous Electron Configurations
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 7 Periodic properties of the elements
	7.1 Development of the periodic table
	7.2 Effective nuclear charge
		A closer look: Effective nuclear charge
	7.3 Sizes of atoms and ions
		Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii
		Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii
	7.4 Ionisation energy
		Variations in Successive Ionisation Energies
		Periodic Trends in First Ionisation Energies
		Electron Configurations of Ions
	7.5 Electron affinities
	7.6 Metals, non-metals and metalloids
		Metals
		My world of chemistry: Ion movement powers electronics
		Non-metals
		Metalloids
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equation
	Exercises
Chapter 8 Basic concepts of chemical bonding
	8.1 Chemical bonds, Lewis symbols and the Octet rule
		Lewis Symbols
		The Octet Rule
	8.2 Ionic bonding
		Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
		Electron Configurations of Ions of the Main-Group Elements
		Transition Metal Ions
		Polyatomic Ions
	8.3 Covalent bonding
		Lewis Structures
		Multiple Bonds
	8.4 Bond polarity and electronegativity
		Electronegativity
		Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
		Dipole Moments
		Differentiating Ionic and Covalent Bonding
	8.5 Drawing Lewis structures
		Formal Charge
		A closer look: Oxidation numbers, formal charges and actual partial charges
	8.6 Resonance structures
	8.7 Exceptions to the Octet rule
		Odd Number of Electrons
		Less than an Octet of Valence Electrons
		More than an Octet of Valence Electrons
	8.8 Strengths of covalent bonds
		Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions
		My world of chemistry: Explosives and Alfred Nobel
		Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 9 Molecular geometry and bonding theories
	9.1 Molecular shapes
	9.2 The VSEPR Model
		The Effect of Non-bonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles
		Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells
		Shapes of Larger Molecules
	9.3 Molecular shape and molecular polarity
	9.4 Covalent bonding and orbital overlap
	9.5 Hybrid orbitals
		sp Hybrid Orbitals
		sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
		Hybridisation Involving d Orbitals
		Hybrid Orbital Summary
	9.6 Multiple bonds
		General Conclusions
	9.7 Molecular orbitals
		The Hydrogen Molecule
		Bond Order
	9.8 Second-period diatomic molecules
		Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2
		Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals
		Electron Configurations for B2 to Ne2
		A closer look: Phases in atomic and molecular orbitals
		Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties
		Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 10 Intermolecular forces: Gases
	10.1 Characteristics of gases
	10.2 Pressure and its measurement
		My world of chemistry: Blood pressure
	10.3 The gas laws
		The Pressure–Volume Relationship: Boyle’s Law
		The Temperature–Volume Relationship: Charles’s Law
		The Quantity–Volume Relationship: Avogadro’s Law
	10.4 The ideal-gas equation
		Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws
	10.5 Further applications of the ideal-gas equation
		Gas Densities and Molar Mass
		Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions
	10.6 Gas mixtures and partial pressures
		Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions
		Collecting Gases over Water
	10.7 Kinetic-molecular theory
		Distribution of Molecular Speed
		Application of Kinetic-Molecular Theory to the Gas Laws
		A closer look: The ideal-gas equation
	10.8 Molecular effusion and diffusion
		Graham’s Law of Effusion
		Diffusion and Mean Free Path
		My world of chemistry: Gas separations
	10.9 Real gases: Deviations from ideal behaviour
		The van der Waals Equation
		My world of chemistry: Gas pipelines
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 11 Intermolecular forces: Liquids and solids
	11.1 A molecular comparison of gases, liquids and solids
	11.2 Intermolecular forces
		Dispersion Forces
		Dipole–Dipole Forces
		Hydrogen Bonding
		Ion–Dipole Forces
		Comparing Intermolecular Forces
		My world of chemistry: Ionic liquids
	11.3 Some properties of liquids
		Viscosity
		Surface Tension
	11.4 Phase changes
		Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes
		Heating Curves
		Critical Temperature and Pressure
	11.5 Vapour pressure
		Explaining Vapour Pressure at the Molecular Level
		Volatility, Vapour Pressure and Temperature
		Vapour Pressure and Boiling Point
		A closer look: The Clausius–Clapeyron equation
	11.6 Phase diagrams
		The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2
	11.7 Liquid crystals
		Types of Liquid Crystals
		My world of chemistry: Liquid crystal displays
	11.8 Structures of solids
		Unit Cells
		The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride
		Close Packing of Spheres
	11.9 Bonding in solids
		Molecular Solids
		A closer look: X-ray diffraction by crystals
		Covalent-Network Solids
		Ionic Solids
		Metallic Solids
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 12 Properties of solutions
	12.1 The solution process
		Energy Changes and Solution Formation
		Solution Formation, Spontaneity and Disorder
		Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions
		A closer look: Hydrates
	12.2 Saturated solutions and solubility
	12.3 Factors affecting solubility
		Solute–Solvent Interactions
		My world of chemistry: Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
		Pressure Effects
		My world of chemistry: Blood gases and deep-sea diving
		Temperature Effects
	12.4 Ways of expressing concentration
		Mass Percentage, ppm and ppb
		Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality
		Conversion of Concentration Units
	12.5 Colligative properties
		Lowering the Vapour Pressure
		Boiling-Point Elevation
		A closer look: Ideal solutions with two or more volatile components
		Freezing-Point Depression
		Osmosis
		Determination of Molar Mass
	12.6 Colloids
		Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
		Removal of Colloidal Particles
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 13 Environmental chemistry
	13.1 Earth's atmosphere
		Composition of the Atmosphere
		Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
		Photoionisation
		Ozone in the Stratosphere
	13.2 Human activities and Earth's atmosphere
		The Ozone Layer and its Depletion
		The Troposphere
		Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain
		Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog
		Greenhouse Gases: Water Vapour, Carbon Dioxide and Climate
		My world of chemistry: Methane as a greenhouse gas
	13.3 Earth's water
		The Global Water Cycle
		Salt Water: Earth’s Oceans and Seas
		Freshwater and groundwater
	13.4 Human activities and earth's water
		Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality
		Water Purification: Desalination
		Water Purification: Municipal Treatment
		A closer look: Water softening
		The Challenges of Water Purification
	13.5 Green chemistry
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Exercises
Chapter 14 Thermodynamics
	14.1 The nature of energy
		Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
		Units of Energy
		System and Surroundings
		Transferring Energy: Work and Heat
	14.2 The first law of thermodynamics
		Internal Energy
		Relating ΔU to Heat and Work
		Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
		State Functions
	14.3 Enthalpy
	14.4 Enthalpies of reaction
		A closer look: Using enthalpy as a guide
	14.5 Calorimetry
		Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
		Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
		Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)
	14.6 Hess's Law
	14.7 Enthalpies of formation
		Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction
	14.8 Spontaneous processes
		Seeking a Criterion for Spontaneity
		Reversible and Irreversible Processes
	14.9 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
		Entropy Change
		ΔS for Phase Changes
		A closer look: The entropy change when a gas expands isothermally
		The Second Law of Thermodynamics
	14.10 Molecular interpretation of entropy
		Expansion of a Gas at the Molecular Level
		Boltzmann’s Equation and Microstates
		Molecular Motions and Energy
		Making Qualitative Predictions about ΔS
		The Third Law of Thermodynamics
	14.11 Entropy changes in chemical reactions
		Entropy Changes in the Surroundings
	14.12 Gibbs free energy (Gibbs energy)
		Standard Free Energy Changes
	14.13 Gibbs energy and temperature
		My world of chemistry: Driving non-spontaneous reactions
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 15 Chemical kinetics
	15.1 Factors that affect reaction rates
	15.2 Reaction rates
		Change of Rate with Time
		Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
	15.3 Concentration and rate laws
		A closer look: Using spectroscopic methods to measure reaction rates
		Reaction Orders: Exponents in the Rate Law
		Units of Rate Constants
		Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws
	15.4 The change of concentration with time (integrated rate equations)
		Zero-Order Reactions
		First-Order Reactions
		Second-Order Reactions
		Half-Life
		My world of chemistry: Bromethane in the atmosphere
	15.5 Temperature and rate
		The Collision Model
		The Orientation Factor
		Activation Energy
		The Arrhenius Equation
		Determining the Activation Energy
	15.6 Reaction mechanisms
		Elementary Reactions
		Multistep Mechanisms
		Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
		The Rate-Determining Step for a Multistep Mechanism
		Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step
		Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step
	15.7 Catalysis
		Homogeneous Catalysis
		Heterogeneous Catalysis
		My world of chemistry: Catalytic converters
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 16 Chemical equilibrium
	16.1 The concept of equilibrium
	16.2 The equilibrium constant
		My world of chemistry: The Haber process
		Evaluating Kc
		Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, Kp
		Equilibrium Constants and Units
	16.3 Interpreting and working with equilibrium constants
		The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants
		The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K
		Relating Chemical Equation Stoichiometry and Equilibrium Constants
	16.4 Heterongeneous equilibria
	16.5 Calculating equilibrium constants
	16.6 Applications of equilibrium constants
		Predicting the Direction of Reaction
		Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
	16.7 The equilibrium constant and free energy
	16.8 Le Châtelier's principle
		Change in Reactant or Product Concentration
		Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes
		Effect of Temperature Changes
		The Effect of Catalysts
		A closer look: Controlling nitric oxide emissions
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 17 Acid-base equilibria
	17.1 Acids and bases: A brief review
	17.2 Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases
		The H+ Ion in Water
		Proton-Transfer Reactions
		Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
		Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
	17.3 The autoionisation of water
		The Ion Product of Water
	17.4 The pH scale
		pOH and Other ‘p’ Scales
		Measuring pH
	17.5 Strong acids and bases
		Strong Acids
		Strong Bases
	17.6 Weak acids
		Calculating Ka from pH
		Percent Ionisation
		Using Ka to Calculate pH
		Polyprotic Acids
	17.7 Weak bases
		Types of Weak Bases
	17.8 Relationship between Ka and Kb
		My world of chemistry: Amines and amine hydrochlorides
	17.9 Acid-base properties of salt solutions
		An Anion’s Ability to React with Water
		A Cation’s Ability to React with Water
		Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution
	17.10 Acid-base behaviour and chemical structure
		Factors that Affect Acid Strength
		Binary Acids
		Oxyacids
		Carboxylic Acids
		A closer look: The amphiprotic behaviour of amino acids
	17.11 Lewis acids and bases
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 18 Additional aspects of aqueous equilibria
	18.1 The common-ion effect
	18.2 Buffer solutions
		Composition and Action of Buffer Solutions
		Calculating the pH of a Buffer
		Buffer Capacity and pH Range
		Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers
		My world of chemistry: Blood as a buffer solution
	18.3 Acid-base titrations
		Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations
		Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations
		Titrations of Polyprotic Acids
		Titrating with an Acid–Base Indicator
	18.4 Solubility equilibria
		The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp
		Solubility and Ksp
		A closer look: Limitations of solubility products
	18.5 Factors that affect solubility
		Common-Ion Effect
		Solubility and pH
		My world of chemistry: Ocean acidification
		Formation of Complex Ions
		My world of chemistry: Tooth decay and fluoridation
		Amphoterism
	18.6 Precipitation and separation of ions
		Selective Precipitation of Ions
	18.7 Qualitative analysis for metallic elements
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equation
	Exercises
Chapter 19 Electrochemistry
	19.1 Oxidation states and oxidation-reduction reactions
	19.2 Balancing redox equations
		Half-Reactions
		Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions
		Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution
	19.3 Voltaic cells
	19.4 Cell potentials under standard conditions
		Standard Reduction (Half-Cell) Potentials
		Strengths of Oxidising and Reducing Agents
	19.5 Free energy and redox reactions
		Emf, Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
		A closer look: Electrical work
	19.6 Cell potentials under non-standard conditions
		The Nernst Equation
		Concentration Cells
		My world of chemistry: Heartbeats and electrocardiography
	19.7 Batteries and fuel cells
		Lead-Acid Battery
		Alkaline Battery
		Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Metal Hydride and Lithium-Ion Batteries
		Hydrogen Fuel Cells
		Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
	19.8 Corrosion
		Corrosion of Iron (Rusting)
		Preventing the Corrosion of Iron
	19.9 Electrolysis
		Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 20 Chemistry of the non-metals
	20.1 Periodic trends and chemical reactions
		Chemical Reactions
	20.2 Hydrogen
		Isotopes of Hydrogen
		Properties of Hydrogen
		Preparation of Hydrogen
		Uses of Hydrogen
		A closer look: The hydrogen economy
		Binary Hydrogen Compounds
	20.3 Group 18: The noble gases
		Noble Gas Compounds
	20.4 Group 17: The halogens
		Properties and Preparation of the Halogens
		Uses of the Halogens
		The Hydrogen Halides
		Interhalogen Compounds
		Oxyacids and Oxyanions
	20.5 Oxygen
		Properties of Oxygen
		Preparation of Oxygen
		Uses of Oxygen
		Ozone
		Oxides
		Peroxides and Superoxides
	20.6 The other group 16 elements: S, Se, Te and Po
		General Characteristics of the Group 16 Elements
		Occurrence and Preparation of S, Se and Te
		Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium
		Sulfides
		Oxides, Oxyacids and Oxyanions of Sulfur
	20.7 Nitrogen
		Properties of Nitrogen
		Preparation and Uses of Nitrogen
		Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen
		My world of chemistry: Nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase
		Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen
		My world of chemistry: Nitroglycerin and heart disease
	20.8 The other group 15 elements: P, As, Sb and Bi
		General Characteristics of the Group 15 Elements
		Occurrence, Isolation and Properties of Phosphorus
		Phosphorus Halides
		Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus
	20.9 Carbon
		Elemental Forms of Carbon
		Oxides of Carbon
		My world of chemistry: Carbon fibres and composites
		Carbonic Acid and Carbonates
		Carbides
		Other Inorganic Compounds of Carbon
	20.10 The other group 14 elements: Si, Ge, Sn and Pb
		General Characteristics of the Group 14 Elements
		Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon
		Silicates
		Glass
		Silicones
	20.11 Boron
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Exercises
Chapter 21 Chemistry of the transition metals
	21.1 Transition metals
		Physical Properties
		Electron Configurations and Oxidation States
		Magnetism
	21.2 Transition metal complexes
		The Development of Coordination Chemistry: Werner’s Theory
		The Metal–Ligand Bond
		Charges, Coordination Numbers and Geometries
	21.3 Ligands with more than one donor atom
		Metals and Chelates in Living Systems
	21.4 Nomenclature and isomerism in coordination chemistry
		A close look: Entropy and the chelate effect
		Isomerism
		Structural Isomerism
		Stereoisomerism
	21.5 Colour and magnetism in coordination chemistry
		Colour
		Magnetism of Coordination Compounds
	21.6 Crystal-field theory
		My world of chemistry: The battle for iron in living systems
		Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes
		Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes
		A closer look: Charge-transfer colour
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Exercises
Chapter 22 The chemistry of organic compounds
	22.1 General characteristics of organic molecules
		The Structure of Organic Molecules
		The Stabilities of Organic Molecules
	22.2 An introduction to hydrocarbons
		Alkanes
	22.3 Applications and physical properties of alkanes
		Homologous Series
	22.4 Structures of alkanes
		My world of chemistry: Petroleum products
		Hybridisation
		Alkane Shape and Conformations
		Constitutional/Structural Isomers
	22.5 Alkane nomenclature
	22.6 Cycloalkanes
		A closer look: Carbon nanotubes
	22.7 Organic functional groups
		My world of chemistry: Structure–activity relationships
	22.8 Reactions of alkanes
		Combustion
		Classification of C and H
		Free-Radical Reactions and Electron Movement
		A closer look: Reactivity by carbon classification
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 23 Stereochemistry of organic compounds
	23.1 Stereochemistry in organic chemistry
	23.2 Cis-trans isomerism in cycloalkanes
	23.3 Chirality in organic compounds
	23.4 Measuring optical activity
	23.5 Absolute stereochemistry
		Using Priority Rules to Find a Stereocentre’s Absolute Configuration
		My world of chemistry: Chiral drugs
	23.6 Molecules with more than one stereocentre
		Resolution: Separating Enantiomers
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 24 Chemistry of alkenes and alkynes
	24.1 The structure of unsaturated hydrocarbons
		The π-bond
		Bonding in Alkenes
		Bonding in Alkynes
		My world of chemistry: Terpenes and isoprene
	24.2 Isomerism and nomenclature
		Isomerism in Alkenes—The E, Z System
		Alkynes
	24.3 Arrow notation and resonance structures: Electron counting
		My world of chemistry:  The chemistry of vision
		A closer look: Describing charge
	24.4 Electrophilic addition reactions
		Addition Reactions Involving HX (X = Cl, Br, I)
		Addition Reactions Involving H2O
		Halogenation: Addition of Br2 and Cl2
		Halohydrin Formation
		A closer look: Stereochemistry in halohydrin formation
	24.5 Alkanes from alkenes: Catalytic hydrogenation
		A closer look: Hydrogenation
	24.6 Addition polymerisation
		Making Polymers
		Structure and Physical Properties of Addition Polymers
		My world of chemistry: Recycling plastics
		My world of chemistry: The accidental discovery of Teflon®
		My world of chemistry: Vulcanisation
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 25 Alcohols, haloalkanes and ethers
	25.1 Alcohols: Structure, properties and nomenclature
		My world of chemistry: Vitamin D
		Common Alcohols
		My world of chemistry: The solubility nexus
		Naming Alcohols
		Classifying Alcohols
	25.2 Haloalkanes
	25.3 Ethers: Structure, properties and nomenclature
		Naming Ethers
		A closer look: Crown ethers
	25.4 Reactions of alcohols
		Alkoxides
		Basicity of Alcohols
		Alcohols to Haloalkanes
		Dehydration of Alcohols
	25.5 Nucleopilic substitution reactions of haloalkanes
		A closer look: Molecularity
	25.6 Haloalkanes to Alkenes: β-elimination
	25.7 Substitution versus elimination
		A closer look: Nucleophile or Lewis base
		E1 and SN1 Reactions
		My world of chemistry: Polymerisation versus macrocyclisation
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 26 Aldehydes, ketones and carbohydrates
	26.1 Aldehyders, ketones and the carbonyl group
	26.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
		Oxidation of 1° and 2° Alcohols
		Ozonolysis
	26.3 Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
		Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles—Grignard Reactions
		Addition of Nitrogen and Oxygen Nucleophiles: Formation of Imines and Acetals
		Reduction Reactions
		Cyanohydrins
		Tautomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones
		Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
	26.4 Carbohydrates
		Monosaccharides
		Cyclic versus Open-Chain Structures
		My world of chemistry: Glucosamine
		Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
		My world of chemistry: Cyclodextrins
		My world of chemistry: Vitamin C
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 27 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
	27.1 Carboxylic acids
		Structure, Properties and Nomenclature
		Acidity
	27.2 Preparation of carboxylic acids
	27.3 Esters and esterification
	27.4 Fats, oils and waxes
		Soaps and Detergents
	27.5 Acid chlorides, anhydrides and nucleophilic acyl substitution
		My world of chemistry: Steroids
		Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
	27.6 Condensation polymerisation
		My world of chemistry: Bindeez
		My world of chemistry: Towards the plastic car
		Polymers for Medicine
		My world of chemistry: Biodegradable sutures
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 28 Benzene and its derivatives
	28.1 The structure of benzene
		Bonding in Benzene
	28.2 Isomerism and nomenclature in aromatic compounds
		My world of chemistry: The discovery of liquid crystals
		Phenols
	28.3 Resonance and aromaticity
		Aromaticity
	28.4 Acidity of phenols
	28.5 Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions
		Directing Groups and Substitution Effects
		A closer look: Organic dyes
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 29 Nitrogen-containing organic compounds
	29.1 Amines and the amide bond
		Amines
		My world of chemistry: Amines and amine hydrochlorides
		Reactivity of Amines
		Synthesis of Amines
		Amides
	29.2 Amino acids
		Acid–Base Properties
		A closer look: Sickle-cell anaemia
		Reactions Involving Amino Acids
	29.3 Proteins, peptides and enzymes
		Coding Peptides
		Protein Structure
		Enzymes
		Sequencing of Peptides and Proteins
		My world of chemistry: B group vitamins
	29.4 Nucleic acids and DNA
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Chapter 30 Solving molecular structure
	30.1 The electromagnetic spectrum
		A closer look: Using spectroscopic methods to measure reaction rates
	30.2 Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
		The Spring Model
		Measuring IR Spectra
		My world of chemistry: IR spectroscopy for biological imaging
	30.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
		Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Frequencies
		My world of chemistry: Nuclear spin and magnetic resonance imaging
		The Chemical Shift
		Sample Preparation
		Interpreting NMR Spectra
		Integration
		Spin–Spin Coupling
		13C NMR Spectra
	30.4 Mass spectrometry
		Electron Impact Ionisation Mass Spectrometry
		Interpreting Mass Spectra
	30.5 Compound identification using spectra
		Deducing the Molecular Formula of an Organic Compound
		Chemical Wet Testing: Tests for Functional Groups
	Chapter summary and key terms
	Key skills
	Key equations
	Exercises
Appendix A Mathematical operations
Appendix B Properties of water
Appendix C Thermodynamic quantities for selected substances at 298.15 K (25 °C)
Appendix D Aqueous equilibrium constants
Appendix E Standard reduction potentials at (25 °C)
Answers to concept checks
Answers to figure it out
Glossary
Index
Periodic Table of the Elements
List of elements with their symbols and atomic weights