Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
To the Student......Page 11
Contents......Page 9
Model: Schematic Diagrams for Various Atoms.......Page 12
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 13
Exercises......Page 14
Problems......Page 15
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 16
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 17
Exercises......Page 20
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 21
Problems......Page 22
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 24
Model 2: Ionization Energy.......Page 25
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 26
Exercises......Page 27
Problems......Page 28
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 30
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 32
Critical Thinking Question......Page 33
Model 3: The Shell Model for Lithium.......Page 34
Problem......Page 35
Model 1: Core Charge.......Page 36
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 37
Model 3: The Neon Atom.......Page 38
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 39
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 40
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 42
Exercises......Page 44
Problems......Page 45
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 46
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 48
Problems......Page 49
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 50
Model 2: Electromagnetic Radiation and Photons.......Page 51
Information......Page 52
Problem......Page 53
Model 1: Ionization Energies and Energy Levels......Page 54
Model 2: Photoelectron Spectroscopy.......Page 55
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 57
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 58
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 59
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 60
Exercises......Page 61
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 62
Critical Thinking Question......Page 63
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 64
Problems......Page 65
Model: Ionization Energies and Electron Configurations.......Page 66
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 67
Exercises......Page 68
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 70
Critical Thinking Question......Page 71
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 72
Problems......Page 73
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 74
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 75
Exercises......Page 77
Problems......Page 78
Model 1: Common Methods to Designate Atoms.......Page 80
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 81
Information......Page 82
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 83
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 84
Problems......Page 86
Model 1: Single, Double, and Triple Bonds.......Page 88
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 89
Model 2: Bond Orders and Bond Energies for Selected Molecules.......Page 90
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 91
Exercises......Page 92
Problem......Page 94
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 96
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 98
Exercises......Page 99
Problems......Page 100
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 102
Model 2: Formal Charge.......Page 103
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 104
Problem......Page 106
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 108
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 109
Exercises......Page 110
Problems......Page 112
Model 1: Bond Angle and Electron Domains.......Page 114
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 115
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 116
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 117
Information......Page 119
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 120
Exercises......Page 121
Problems......Page 122
Model: Hybridization of Orbitals.......Page 124
Exercises......Page 125
Problems......Page 126
Model: Average Valence Electron Energy.......Page 128
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 130
Problem......Page 131
Model 1: Partial Charge on an Atom.......Page 132
Exercises......Page 133
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 134
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 135
Exercises......Page 136
Model 1: Electronegativities by Linus Pauling.......Page 138
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 139
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 140
Problems......Page 141
Model: The Dipole Moment.......Page 142
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 144
Exercises......Page 145
Problems......Page 147
Exercises......Page 148
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 149
Exercises......Page 150
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 151
Exercises......Page 152
Problems......Page 153
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 154
Model 2: The Electronic Structure of Metals.1......Page 155
Exercises......Page 156
Model 1: The Relationships Between Electronegativities and the Physical Properties of Compounds and Metals.......Page 158
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 159
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 160
Exercises......Page 161
Problems......Page 162
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 163
Model 2: Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points.......Page 164
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 165
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 166
Problems......Page 168
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 170
Exercises......Page 171
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 174
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 175
Exercises......Page 176
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 177
Problems......Page 179
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 180
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 181
Exercises......Page 182
Model: Percent Composition.......Page 184
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 185
Problems......Page 186
Model 1: Strong Electrolytes.......Page 188
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 189
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 190
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 192
Problems......Page 193
Model 1: The Ideal Gas Law Equation.......Page 196
Information......Page 197
Exercises......Page 198
Problems......Page 199
Model 1: Nuclei are Held Together by Coulombic Attraction to Electrons.......Page 200
Information......Page 201
Exercises......Page 202
Model 3: Enthalpy of Atom Combination.......Page 203
Model 4: Breaking One Mole of CH4(g) into its Constituent Atoms.......Page 204
Exercises......Page 205
Model 1: The Enthalpy Change for a Chemical Reaction.......Page 206
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 207
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 209
Problem......Page 210
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 212
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 213
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 214
Exercises......Page 215
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 217
Model 2: The Number of Molecules as a Function of Time.......Page 218
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 219
Information......Page 220
Exercises......Page 221
Information......Page 223
Model: The Concentration of Molecules as a Function of Time.......Page 224
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 225
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 226
Exercises......Page 227
Problem......Page 228
Model 1: A Simple Gas Phase Reaction, Y(g) Z(g) .......Page 230
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 231
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 232
Exercises......Page 233
Problems......Page 236
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 238
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 239
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 240
Exercises......Page 242
Problems......Page 245
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 248
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 250
Information......Page 251
Model 3: Precipitate Formation.......Page 252
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 253
Exercises......Page 254
Problems......Page 255
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 256
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 258
Exercises......Page 259
Model 2: Kc and Ka for Acids.......Page 260
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 261
Exercises......Page 262
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 263
Information......Page 264
Exercises......Page 265
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 266
Model 2: A Weak Base Increases the Hydroxide Concentration of a Solution, but the Amount of Reaction Is Small.......Page 268
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 269
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 271
Exercises......Page 272
Problems......Page 273
Model: pH Is Defined as – log[H3O+].......Page 274
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 275
Exercises......Page 276
Problem......Page 277
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 278
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 279
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 280
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 281
Exercises......Page 283
Problems......Page 284
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 286
Exercises......Page 287
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 288
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 289
Exercises......Page 290
Problem......Page 291
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 292
Model 2: Oxidation and Reduction......Page 293
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 294
Problem......Page 295
Model: Oxidation Number Conventions.......Page 296
Exercises......Page 298
Problem......Page 299
Model 1: Schematic of a Galvanic Cell.......Page 300
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 301
Model 2: The Standard Hydrogen Electrode.......Page 302
Exercises......Page 303
Model 1: The Cell Voltage.......Page 304
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 305
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 306
Exercises......Page 307
Problems......Page 308
Model 1: A Ball Tends to Roll Downhill.......Page 310
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 311
Information......Page 312
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 313
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 314
Exercises......Page 315
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 316
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 317
Exercises......Page 318
Model 1: The Entropy of Atom Combination, ΔS°ac o , of NO2(g) at 25°C.......Page 320
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 321
Information......Page 322
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 323
Exercises......Page 325
Problem......Page 326
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 328
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 329
Exercises......Page 330
Exercises......Page 331
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 333
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 334
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 335
Exercises......Page 336
Problem......Page 337
Model 1: The Rate of a Reaction Varies with Time.......Page 338
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 339
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 340
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 342
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 343
Exercises......Page 344
Problems......Page 345
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 348
Exercises......Page 349
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 351
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 352
Problems......Page 353
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 356
Model 2: A Theory of Reaction Rates.......Page 357
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 358
Problems......Page 360
60 Reaction Mechanisms (II)......Page 361
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 362
Model 2: A Proposed Two-Step Mechanism for a Chemical Reaction.......Page 364
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 365
Exercises......Page 366
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 367
Exercises......Page 368
Problems......Page 370
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 373
Model 2: Hydrolysis of Glycylglycine.......Page 374
Problem......Page 376
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 378
Exercises......Page 379
Problems......Page 380
TABLE A.2 Selected Conversion Factors......Page 381
TABLE A.3 Standard-State Enthalpies, Free Energies, and Entropies of Atom Combination......Page 382
Index......Page 391