Chemistry Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics for Environmental Engineers

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Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering Series
Chemistry Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics for Environmental Engineers
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Contents
Author
Preface
1. Basic Concepts Related to General Chemistry
	1.1 Chemistry for Environmental Engineers
	1.2 Atoms and Elements
		1.2.1 Atoms
		1.2.2 The Periodic Table
		1.2.3 Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule
		1.2.4 Ions
	1.3 Chemical Bonding
		1.3.1 Covalent Bonds
		1.3.2 Ionic Bonds
		1.3.3 Polarization of Molecules
	1.4 Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces
		1.4.1 Ionic Forces
		1.4.2 Dipole–Dipole Interactions
		1.4.3 Hydrogen Bonding
		1.4.4 London Dispersion Forces
	1.5 Moles, Molecule Mass, Molar Mass, and Molecular Weight
		1.5.1 Moles
		1.5.2 Molecular Mass, Molecular Weight, and Molar Mass
	Exercise Questions
2. Organic Chemistry for Environmental Engineers
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Compounds of Concern
		2.1.2 Safe Drinking Water Act
		2.1.3 Clean Water Act
		2.1.4 Clean Air Act
	2.2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
	2.3 Hydrocarbons
		2.3.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons
		2.3.2 Cyclic Hydrocarbons
		2.3.3 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
		2.3.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	2.4 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
		2.4.1 Alcohols and Phenolic Compounds
		2.4.2 Aldehydes and Ketones
		2.4.3 Carboxylic Acids, Anhydrides, Esters, Acetates, Acrylates, and Phthalates
		2.4.4 Ethers and Epoxides
		2.4.5 Amines, Amides, Urea, Azo Compounds, Imines, and Imides
		2.4.6 Nitriles, Isocyanates, Hydrazine, and Pyridines
		2.4.7 Nitro and Nitroso Compounds
		2.4.8 Thiols, Sulfides, Sulfates, and Sulfonic Acid
		2.4.9 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
	2.5 Organic Compounds Related to Biochemistry
		2.5.1 Carbohydrates
		2.5.2 Proteins
		2.5.3 Lipids
		2.5.4 Nucleic Acids
	2.6 Other Organic COCs
		2.6.1 Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
		2.6.2 Pesticides
		2.6.3 Fats, Oils, and Grease
		2.6.4 Surfactants
		2.6.5 Volatile Organic Compounds
	References
	Exercise Questions
3. Inorganic Chemistry for Environmental Engineers
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Types of Inorganic Compounds
		3.1.2 Properties of Inorganic Compounds
		3.1.3 Classification of Inorganic Compounds
	3.2 Chemistry of Metals
		3.2.1 Main-Group Metals
		3.2.2 Transition Metals
		3.2.3 Other Classifications of Metals
	3.3 Chemistry of Nonmetals
		3.3.1 General Properties of Nonmetals
		3.3.2 The Noble Gases
		3.3.3 The Halogens
		3.3.4 Other Nonmetal Elements
	3.4 Chemistry of Semi-Metals
	3.5 Organometallic Compounds
	3.6 Naming of Inorganic Compounds
		3.6.1 Compounds between Metals and Nonmetals
		3.6.2 Compounds between Nonmetals and Nonmetals
		3.6.3 Common Mono-Element and Poly-Element Ions
	3.7 Nuclear Chemistry and Radionuclides
		3.7.1 Nuclides and Radionuclides
		3.7.2 Major Forms of Radioactive Decay
		3.7.3 Radiation Sources and Units of Radioactivity
		3.7.4 Radionuclides of Environmental Concern
	References
	Exercise Questions
4. Fundamentals of Chemical Thermodynamics
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Processes and Reactions
		4.1.2 System, Boundary, and Surroundings
		4.1.3 State Functions
	4.2 Energy
		4.2.1 Types of Energy
		4.2.2 Macroscope and Microscope Kinetic and Potential Energy
		4.2.3 Units of Energy
	4.3 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
		4.3.1 Temperature
		4.3.2 Units of Temperature
	4.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
		4.4.1 Internal Energy
		4.4.2 Heat and Work
		4.4.3 Units of Pressure
		4.4.4 Enthalpy and Internal Energy
		4.4.5 Extensive Properties and Intensive Properties
		4.4.6 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
	4.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
		4.5.1 Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous Processes
		4.5.2 Entropy
	4.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
	Reference
	Exercise Questions
5. Chemical Reaction Equilibria
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions
		5.2.1 Balanced Reaction Equation
		5.2.2 Quantitative Information from Balanced Reaction Equations
		5.2.3 Limiting Reactant
		5.2.4 Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Constant
		5.2.5 Molar Concentration and Mass Concentration
		5.2.6 Le Chatelier’s Principle
	5.3 Conservations of Energy in Chemical Reactions
		5.3.1 Standard Enthalpy of Formation
		5.3.2 Standard Enthalpy of Reaction
		5.3.3 Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation
		5.3.4 Standard Molar Entropy
	5.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions
		5.4.1 Spontaneity of a Chemical Reaction
		5.4.2 Gibbs Free Energy
		5.4.3 Change of Standard Gibbs Free Energy of a Chemical Reaction
	5.5 Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
	5.6 Types of Chemical Reactions
	Reference
	Exercise Questions
6. Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Types of Solution
		6.1.2 Water as a Polar Solvent
		6.1.3 The Solvation Process
	6.2 Liquid-in-Liquid Solutions
		6.2.1 Miscibility and Solubility
		6.2.2 Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient
	6.3 Gas-in-Gas Solutions
		6.3.1 Basic Properties of Air
		6.3.2 Gas Mixtures
		6.3.3 Units of Gaseous Concentrations
		6.3.4 Humidity of Air
		6.3.5 Heating Value of a Gas Mixture
	6.4 Gases in Aqueous Solutions
		6.4.1 Basic Properties of Water
		6.4.2 Vapor Pressure
		6.4.3 Henry’s Law
		6.4.4 Dissolved Oxygen
	6.5 Solids in Aqueous Solutions
		6.5.1 Types of Solids in Aqueous Solutions
		6.5.2 Solubility
		6.5.3 Units of Solid Concentrations in Water
		6.5.4 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
	6.6 Adsorption of Solutes onto Solids in Aqueous Solutions
	6.7 Liquids and Solids in Air
	6.8 Partition of Compounds among Air, Water, and Soil Grains in a Soil Formation
	References
	Exercise Questions
7. Ions in Aquatic Solutions
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Ionic Equations
	7.3 Solubility and Strength of Electrolytes
		7.3.1 Strength of Electrolytes
		7.3.2 Solubility of Ionic Compounds
		7.3.3 Solubility versus Electrolyte Strength
	7.4 Properties of Ionic Solutions
		7.4.1 Major Ions in Water
		7.4.2 Electrical Neutrality of Aqueous Solutions
		7.4.3 Salinity of Aqueous Solutions
		7.4.4 Ionic Strength of Aqueous Solution
	7.5 Solubility of Slightly Soluble Ionic Compounds in Water
		7.5.1 Solubility Product Constant
		7.5.2 Ionic Product versus Solubility Product Constant
		7.5.3 Common Ion Effect
	References
	Exercise Questions
8. Acid-Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions
	8.1 Acids and Bases
		8.1.1 Definitions of Acids and Bases
		8.1.2 Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases
		8.1.3 Relationship between the Acid Ionization Constant and the Base Ionization Constant
		8.1.4 Monoprotic versus Polyprotic
	8.2 pH
	8.3 Strong and Weak Acids
		8.3.1 Common Strong Acids
		8.3.2 Common Weak Acids
		8.3.3 Speciation and Degree of Ionization/Dissociation
		8.3.4 pH of a Weak Acid Solution
	8.4 Strong Bases and Weak Bases
		8.4.1 Definitions of Strong and Weak Bases
		8.4.2 pH of a Weak Base Solution
	8.5 Neutralization between Acids and Bases
	8.6 Buffer Solution
		8.6.1 Definition and Types
		8.6.2 Henderson-Hasselbalch Approximation
	8.7 Alkalinity and Carbonate/Bicarbonate Buffer System
		8.7.1 Alkalinity
		8.7.2 Bicarbonate/Carbonate Buffer System
	Exercise Questions
9. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Oxidation State/Number
	9.3 Oxidation-Reduction Potential
		9.3.1 Standard Reduction Potential
		9.3.2 Common Oxidizing Agent
		9.3.3 Common Reducing Agent
	9.4 Electrochemical Reaction
		9.4.1 Electrochemical Cells
		9.4.2 Relationship between Cell Potential and Gibbs Free Energy
		9.4.3 The Nernst Equation
		9.4.4 Pourbaix Diagrams
		9.4.5 Fuel Cell
		9.4.6 Electrolytic Cell versus Galvanic Cell
	9.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes
	References
	Exercise Questions
10. Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Kinetics
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
		10.2.1 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
		10.2.2 Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry
	10.3 Rate Equations of Chemical Reactions
		10.3.1 Differential and Integral Rate Equations
		10.3.2 Half-Life
	10.4 Reaction Mechanisms
	10.5 Effects of Temperature on Reaction Rates
		10.5.1 Collision Theory
		10.5.2 Activation Energy
		10.5.3 The Arrhenius Equation
		10.5.4 Catalysts
	Exercise Questions
11. Types and Design of Chemical Reactors
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Mass Balance Concept
	11.3 Types of Reactors
		11.3.1 Batch Reactors
		11.3.2 Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors
		11.3.3 Plug-Flow Reactors (PFRs)
	11.4 Sizing Reactors
	11.5 Reactor Configurations
		11.5.1 Reactors in Series
		11.5.2 Reactors in Parallel
	Exercise Questions
12. Water Quality Parameters
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Relevant Regulations
		12.2.1 Safe Drinking Water Act
		12.2.2 Clean Water Act
		12.2.3 Water Quality Parameters
	12.3 Physical Water Quality Parameters
		12.3.1 Temperature
		12.3.2 Solids, Electrical Conductivity, and Turbidity
		12.3.3 Color and Transmittance/Absorbance
		12.3.4 Taste and Odor
	12.4 Chemical Water Quality Parameters I – pH, Alkalinity, Hardness, and DO
		12.4.1 pH
		12.4.2 Alkalinity
		12.4.3 Hardness
		12.4.4 Dissolved Oxygen
	12.5 Chemical Water Quality Parameters II – Inorganic Compounds
		12.5.1 Chloride
		12.5.2 Fluoride
		12.5.3 Sulfate
		12.5.4 Iron and Manganese
		12.5.5 Metals
		12.5.6 Nutrients
		12.5.7 Other Inorganic Compounds
	12.6 Chemical Water Quality Parameters III – Organic Compounds
		12.6.1 Theoretical Oxygen Demand
		12.6.2 Total Organic Carbon
		12.6.3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
		12.6.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand
	12.7 Common Biological Water Quality Parameters
		12.7.1 Types of Microbial Species of Concern
		12.7.2 Indicator Microorganisms
		12.7.3 Numeration of Bacteria
		12.7.4 MCLs of Microorganisms
	References
	Exercise Questions
13. Chemistry in Soils
	13.1 Fundamental Properties of Soil
		13.1.1 Phase Diagram
		13.1.2 Porosity and Void Ratio
		13.1.3 Degree of Water Saturation and Water Content
		13.1.4 Specific Weight, Bulk Density, and Unit Weight
		13.1.5 Relationships among Void Ratio, Water Content, SG, and Bulk Density
	13.2 Soil Classification Systems
		13.2.1 USDA Soil Classification System
		13.2.2 Atterberg Limits
		13.2.3 The USCS
	13.3 Soil Chemistry
		13.3.1 Chemical Composition of Soils
		13.3.2 Chemical Properties of Soils
		13.3.3 Chemical Reactions in Soil
	13.4 Clay
		13.4.1 Types of Clay
		13.4.2 Properties of Clay Minerals
	References
	Exercise Questions
14. Chemistry in the Atmosphere
	14.1 Our Atmosphere
		14.1.1 Composition
		14.1.2 Structure
	14.2 Ambient Air Quality
		14.2.1 Composition of Our Ambient Air
		14.2.2 Criteria Pollutants
		14.2.3 Hazardous Air Pollutants
		14.2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds
		14.2.5 Chemistry of Photochemical Smog
		14.2.6 Acid Rains
	14.3 Reactions in Stratosphere
		14.3.1 Light Radiation
		14.3.2 Ozone Chemistry in the Stratosphere
	14.4 Greenhouse Gases
		14.4.1 Greenhouse Gases
		14.4.2 Global Warming Potential
	References
	Exercise Questions
Index