Chemistry The History of Atom, The Periodic Table and Radioactivity (Zambak)

Chapter 1
THE HISTORY OF THE ATOM
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
READING:Seeing the Atom  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1. ATOMIC MODELS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1.1. DALTON’S ATOMIC MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
READING:The Cathode Ray Tube and Television  .9
1.2. THOMSON’S ATOMIC MODEL . . . . . . . . . .10
1.3. RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC MODEL  . . . . . .10
1.4. BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.5. THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON  . . . .12
2. MODERN ATOMIC MODEL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
2.1. QUANTUM NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
SUMMARY:History of Atom with Scientists . . . . .16
2.2. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . .17
Rules of Electron Distribution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Representation of Electron Configuration . . . . . . .18
Electron Configuration of the Elements  . . . . . . . .19
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
PUZZLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Chapter 2
THE PERIODIC TABLE
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
READING:Mendeleev’s Periodic Table  . . . . . . . .29
1. THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . .31
1.1. THE PERIODIC TABLE AND ELECTRON 
CONFIGURATION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
READING:Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev  . . . . . . . .32
1.2. PERIODS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
The Short Periods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
The Medium Periods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
The Long Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
1.3. GROUPS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
1.4. FINDING GROUP AND PERIOD NUMBERS . .37
2. PERIODIC TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.1. ELECTRONEGATIVITY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
2.2. METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC 
PROPERTIES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
2.3. ATOMIC RADIUS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Atomic Radius Within a Group  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Atomic Radius Within a Period  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
2.4. IONIC RADIUS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
2.5. IONIZATION ENERGY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Variation of the Ionization Energy Within a Group . .49
Variation of the Ionization Energy Within a Period . .49
2.6. ACIDITY AND BASICITY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
PUZZLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Chapter 3
RADIOACTIVITY
INTRODUCTION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
A Comparison of Nuclear and Ordinary Chemical
Reactions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
1. RADIOACTIVITY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
2. TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAYS  . . . . . . . . . .61
2.1. ALPHA (D) PARTICLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
2.2. BETA (E–) PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
2.3. GAMMA (J) RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
2.4. POSITRON EMISSION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
2.5. ELECTRON CAPTURE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
2.6. NEUTRON EMISSION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
3. NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
4. ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
4.1. NUCLEAR FISSION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
READING:The Atomic Bomb  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
4.2. NUCLEAR FUSION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5. THE RATE OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY  . . . . . . . .74
6. THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON LIVING
ORGANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
READING:Why Do We Need Protection From the Sun 78
READING : Carcinogens  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
USES : Some Uses of Radioactivity  . . . . . . . . . . . .80
SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
PUZZLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
APPENDICES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
GLOSSARY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
INDEX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108