Chemistry: The Core Concepts

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
ABOUT THIS E-TEXT......Page 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
1.1.1 Scientific Research\r......Page 8
1.1.2 Disseminating Knowledge......Page 9
1.2 Chemistry and Related Disciplines......Page 10
TEST YOURSELF......Page 12
2.1.1 Accuracy......Page 14
2.1.2 Precision......Page 15
2.2 Reporting Measured Values......Page 16
2.3 Significant Figures......Page 19
2.4.1 Dealing with Units......Page 20
2.4.2 Significant Digits in Calculated Values......Page 21
2.5 SI Units......Page 25
2.6.1 Algebraic Substitution......Page 26
2.6.2 Factor Label Method......Page 28
2.6.3 Temperature Conversions......Page 29
2.7 Unitless Quantities......Page 32
TEST YOURSELF......Page 33
3.1 Subatomic Particles......Page 36
3.3 The Atomic Number......Page 37
3.4 Isotopes......Page 39
3.6 Mass of Atoms......Page 40
3.7 Electrical Charge......Page 41
3.8 Radioactivity......Page 42
3.11 Monatomic Ions......Page 43
3.12 Molecules......Page 44
3.13 Polyatomic Ions......Page 46
TEST YOURSELF......Page 47
4.1 The Position Vector......Page 50
4.3 Distance......Page 51
4.4 Speed......Page 52
4.5 Velocity......Page 53
4.6 Acceleration......Page 54
4.7 Force......Page 56
4.8 Kinetic Energy......Page 61
4.9 Work and the Work-Energy Theorem......Page 62
4.10 Potential Energy......Page 64
TEST YOURSELF......Page 71
5.2 Phase Changes......Page 74
5.3 Atomic Interpretation of Physical States and Phase Changes......Page 76
5.4 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures......Page 78
5.5 The Law of Definite Composition......Page 79
5.6 Atomic Interpretation of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures......Page 81
TEST YOURSELF......Page 83
6.1 Classifying the Elements......Page 86
6.2.2 Physical States......Page 89
6.2.3 Tendency to Form Monatomic Ions......Page 90
6.2.4 Covalent Bonding......Page 92
6.2.6 Noble Gases......Page 93
TEST YOURSELF......Page 94
7.1 Classifying Common Compounds......Page 96
7.1.2 Classifying Compounds Based on Properties......Page 98
7.3.1 Monatomic Ions......Page 100
7.3.2 Polyatomic Ions......Page 101
7.4.1 Reading Formulas of Binary Compounds......Page 102
7.4.2 Writing Formulas of Binary Compounds......Page 104
7.4.3 Binary Compounds with Trivial Names......Page 105
7.5 Names and Formulas of Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions......Page 106
7.6 Names and Formulas of Acids......Page 107
7.7 Salts and Hydrates......Page 108
TEST YOURSELF......Page 110
8.1 Reactants and Products......Page 114
8.2 Atomic Interpretation of Chemical Change......Page 115
8.3 Chemical Equations......Page 116
8.4 Strategies for Balancing Chemical Equations......Page 119
8.5 Signs of a Chemical Change......Page 121
8.6.1 Combination Reactions......Page 122
8.6.2 Decomposition Reactions......Page 124
8.6.3 Displacement Reactions......Page 125
8.6.4 Metathesis Reactions......Page 126
8.6.5 Combustion......Page 128
TEST YOURSELF......Page 129
9.2 Dalton’s Atomic Theory......Page 134
9.2.2 Law of Definite Proportions......Page 135
9.2.3 Law of Multiple Proportions......Page 136
9.3 The Discovery of the Electron......Page 138
9.4 The Discovery of the Nucleus......Page 140
9.5 The Discovery of the Neutron......Page 141
TEST YOURSELF......Page 142
10.2 The Wave Model......Page 146
10.1.1 Physical Interpretation of Wavelength......Page 147
10.1.2 Physical Interpretation of Frequency......Page 148
10.1.3 Physical Interpretation of Amplitude......Page 149
10.3 The Particulate Model......Page 150
10.4 The Photoelectric Effect......Page 152
10.5 Atomic and Molecular Spectra......Page 153
10.6 Matter Waves......Page 155
10.8 Quantum Mechanics......Page 158
TEST YOURSELF......Page 160
11.1 Wavefunctions and Orbitals......Page 162
11.2 Quantum Numbers......Page 163
11.3 Shells and Subshells......Page 164
11.4.1 Probability of Finding Electron......Page 165
11.4.2 Orbital Energies......Page 169
11.4.3 Magnetic Properties......Page 172
11.5 Electron Spin......Page 173
11.6 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle......Page 174
TEST YOURSELF......Page 176
12.1 Ground and Excited Configurations......Page 178
12.2 Orbital Energies and the Aufbau Principle......Page 179
12.3 Patterns in Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table......Page 182
12.4 Orbital Diagrams......Page 185
12.5 Paramagnetism......Page 187
TEST YOURSELF......Page 189
13.1 Ionization Energy......Page 190
13.2 Trends in Atomic Size......Page 193
13.3 Explaining Trends in First Ionization Energy and Atomic Size......Page 194
13.4 Explaining Ion-formation Patterns......Page 195
13.5 Sizes and Ionization Energies of Ions vs. Atoms......Page 197
13.6 Electronegativity......Page 198
TEST YOURSELF......Page 199
14.1 The Octet/Duet Rule......Page 202
14.2 Lewis Symbols......Page 203
14.3 Lewis Structures......Page 205
14.4 Strategies for Drawing Lewis Structures......Page 208
14.5 Isomeric Structures......Page 210
14.6 Resonance Structures......Page 211
14.7 Formal Charges......Page 212
14.8 Exceptions to the Octet/Duet Rule......Page 214
14.9.2 Steric Number......Page 216
14.9.3 Predicting Bond Angles and Shapes Based on Steric Number......Page 217
TEST YOURSELF......Page 228
15.1 The Born Oppenheimer Approximation......Page 232
15.2 Valence Bond Method......Page 233
15.2.1 Explaining Bond Angles......Page 235
15.2.2 Explaining Bond Lengths......Page 236
15.3 LCAO-MO Method......Page 237
TEST YOURSELF......Page 241
16.1 Explaining Properties of Substances......Page 242
16.2.1 Dipole-Dipole Interaction......Page 244
16.2.2 London Dispersion Forces......Page 247
16.2.4 Hydrogen Bonding Interaction......Page 248
16.3 Ion-Molecule Interactions......Page 249
16.4 Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity......Page 250
TEST YOURSELF......Page 252
17.1 Counting by Moles......Page 254
17.2 Counting Atoms in Molecules......Page 256
17.3 Counting Ions in Ionic Compounds......Page 257
TEST YOURSELF......Page 258
18.1 Determining Molar Mass......Page 260
18.2 Counting by Weighing......Page 263
18.3 Counting by Measuring Volume......Page 264
18.4 Amount of Element in a Compound......Page 266
TEST YOURSELF......Page 267
19.1 Empirical Formula......Page 270
19.2 Molecular Formula......Page 271
19.3 Determining Empirical Formula......Page 272
19.4 Combustion Analysis......Page 275
TEST YOURSELF......Page 277
20.1 Relating Amounts of Reactants and Products......Page 278
20.2 Using Moles of Reaction......Page 280
20.3 Limiting Reactant Problems......Page 282
20.3.1. Strategy for Determining Excess Reactant......Page 283
20.3.3 Using an ICE Table......Page 284
20.3.4 Percent Yield......Page 285
TEST YOURSELF......Page 287
21.1 The Solution Process......Page 290
21.2 Chemical Equations for Dissolution......Page 292
21.3 Solubility Rules......Page 294
21.4 Precipitation Reactions......Page 295
21.5 Ionic Equations......Page 296
21.6.1 Reactions with Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides......Page 297
21.6.2 Reactions with Ammonia and Amines......Page 299
21.6.3 Reactions with Salts......Page 300
TEST YOURSELF......Page 305
22.1 Molarity......Page 310
22.1.1 Calculating Amount of Solutes......Page 311
22.1.2 Counting Ions in Solution......Page 313
22.1.4 Molar Concentration of Ions......Page 314
22.1.5 Dilution......Page 315
22.2 Solution Stoichiometry......Page 316
TEST YOURSELF......Page 319
23.1 Pressure......Page 322
23.2 Gas Pressure Measurement......Page 325
23.3.1 Boyle’s Law......Page 328
23.3.2 Charles’ Law......Page 330
23.3.3 Amontons’ Law......Page 331
23.3.4 Combined Gas Law......Page 332
TEST YOURSELF......Page 333
24.1 Gas Particles......Page 336
24.2 The Ideal Gas Equation......Page 337
24.3 Avogadro’s Law......Page 338
24.4.1 Partial Pressure......Page 340
24.4.2 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures......Page 341
24.4.3 Partial Pressure and Mole Fraction......Page 342
24.5 Stoichiometry Involving Gases......Page 343
TEST YOURSELF......Page 346
Back Cover......Page 348