Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Cover page......Page 1
Half-title page......Page 2
Title page......Page 3
Copyright page......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
About the Authors......Page 10
Historical background and scope of the book......Page 11
2.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS......Page 16
2.2 GENERATION OF OZONE......Page 17
2.3 OZONE SOLUBILITY IN WATER......Page 18
2.4 UV–VIS SPECTRUM OF OZONE......Page 19
2.5.1 The N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) method......Page 21
2.5.2 The indigo method......Page 22
2.6 METHODS FOR MEASURING OZONE KINETICS......Page 23
2.6.1 Ozone decay measurements......Page 24
2.6.3 Reactive absorption......Page 25
2.6.4 Competition kinetics......Page 26
2.7 REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF OZONE AND OTHER OXYGEN SPECIES......Page 27
2.9 REACTIVITY OF OZONE......Page 28
2.9.1 pH dependence of ozone reactions and the "reactivity pK”......Page 29
2.9.2 Multiple reaction sites within one molecule......Page 30
3.1 STABILITY OF OZONE IN VARIOUS WATER SOURCES......Page 32
3.2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER......Page 40
3.4 FORMATION OF ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC CARBON......Page 42
3.5 FORMATION AND MITIGATION OF DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS......Page 44
3.6 UV ABSORBANCE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER......Page 45
3.7 RELEVANCE OF OZONE KINETICS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF MICROPOLLUTANTS......Page 46
3.8 HYDROXYL RADICAL YIELD AND •OH-SCAVENGING RATE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER......Page 48
3.9 ELIMINATION OF OZONE-REFRACTORY MICROPOLLUTANTS BY THE •OH ROUTE......Page 49
3.10.1 Peroxone process......Page 51
3.10.2 UV photolysis of ozone......Page 54
3.10.3 Reaction of ozone with activated carbon......Page 55
4.1 DISINFECTION KINETICS......Page 57
4.2 INACTIVATION MECHANISMS: ROLE OF MEMBRANES AND DNA......Page 60
4.3 REACTIONS WITH NUCLEIC ACID COMPONENTS......Page 61
4.4 REACTION WITH DNA......Page 62
4.6 TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF OZONE INDUCED TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS......Page 63
4.7 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS......Page 64
4.7.1 Laboratory studies......Page 66
4.7.2 Full-scale studies......Page 67
4.8 ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS......Page 68
4.9 TOXICITY......Page 70
5.1.2 Municipal wastewater......Page 73
5.2 DRINKING WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES INCLUDING OZONATION......Page 74
5.3 MICROPOLLUTANTS IN WATER RESOURCES, DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER......Page 78
5.4 ENHANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH OZONE......Page 80
5.5 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR MICROPOLLUTANT TRANSFORMATION IN DRINKING WATER AND WASTEWATER......Page 81
5.6 SOURCE CONTROL......Page 82
5.7 RECLAMATION OF WASTEWATER......Page 83
5.8 COMPARISON OF THE APPLICATION OF OZONE IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE......Page 85
6.1 REACTIVITY OF OLEFINS......Page 88
6.2 THE CRIEGEE MECHANISM......Page 91
6.3 PARTIAL OXIDATION......Page 94
6.5 DETECTION OF α-HYDROXYALKYLHYDROPEROXIDES......Page 95
6.6.1 Methyland halogen-substituted olefins......Page 96
6.6.2 Acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, diethyl vinylphosphonate, vinyl phenyl sulfonate, vinylsulfonic acid and vinylene carbonate......Page 98
6.6.3 Acrylic, methacrylic, fumaric, maleic and muconic acids......Page 99
6.6.4 Muconic acids......Page 103
6.6.5 Cinnamic acids......Page 105
6.6.7 Pyrimidine nucleobases......Page 106
6.7 MICROPOLLUTANTS WITH OLEFINIC FUNCTIONS......Page 109
7.1 REACTIVITY OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS......Page 115
7.2 DECAY OF OZONE ADDUCTS......Page 122
7.3.1 Methoxylated benzenes......Page 124
7.3.2 Phenols......Page 127
7.4 MICROPOLLUTANTS WITH AROMATIC FUNCTIONS......Page 130
8.1 REACTIVITY OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS......Page 137
8.2.1 Aliphatic amines......Page 144
8.2.2 Aromatic amines (anilines)......Page 149
8.2.3 Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds......Page 151
8.3 MICROPOLLUTANTS WITH NITROGEN-CONTAINING FUNCTIONS......Page 152
8.3.1 The N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) puzzle......Page 162
9.1 REACTIVITY OF SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS......Page 166
9.2 THIOLS......Page 167
9.3 SULFIDES, DISULFIDES AND SULFINIC ACIDS......Page 168
9.4 SULFOXIDES......Page 170
9.5 MICROPOLLUTANTS CONTAINING AN OZONE-REACTIVE SULFUR......Page 171
10.1 REACTIVITY OF COMPOUNDS WITH C–H FUNCTIONS AS OZONE-REACTIVE SITES......Page 173
10.2 GENERAL MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 175
10.3 FORMATE ION......Page 177
10.4 2-METHYL-2-PROPANOL (TERTIARY BUTANOL)......Page 179
10.5 2-PROPANOL......Page 180
10.6 CARBOHYDRATES......Page 184
10.7 DIHYDROGEN TRIOXIDE - PROPERTIES OF A SHORT-LIVED INTERMEDIATE......Page 186
10.8 SATURATED MICROPOLLUTANTS LACKING OZONE-REACTIVE HETEROATOMS......Page 188
11.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS......Page 189
11.2 HYDROXIDE ION......Page 191
11.3 HYDROPEROXIDE ION - PEROXONE PROCESS......Page 192
11.4 FLUORIDE......Page 193
11.5 CHLORIDE......Page 194
11.6 HYPOCHLORITE......Page 195
11.8 BROMIDE......Page 196
11.9 HYPOBROMITE......Page 197
11.11 IODIDE......Page 198
11.12 NITRITE......Page 199
11.13 AZIDE......Page 200
11.14 HYDROGEN SULFIDE......Page 201
11.16 BROMATE FORMATION AND MITIGATION IN WATER TREATMENT......Page 202
11.17 BROMIDE-CATALYSED REACTIONS......Page 205
11.18 MITIGATION OF IODIDE-RELATED PROBLEMS......Page 206
12.1 REACTIVITY OF METAL IONS......Page 208
12.2 ARSENIC......Page 209
12.5 IRON......Page 210
12.7 MANGANESE......Page 211
12.9 SILVER......Page 212
12.11 METAL IONS AS MICROPOLLUTANTS......Page 214
13.1 REACTIVITY OF RADICALS......Page 216
13.2 OZONE REACTIONS WITH REDUCING RADICALS......Page 217
13.3 OZONE REACTIONS WITH CARBON-CENTERED RADICALS......Page 218
13.4 OZONE REACTIONS WITH OXYGEN-CENTERED RADICALS......Page 220
13.5 OZONE REACTIONS WITH NITROGENAND SULFUR-CENTRED RADICALS......Page 222
13.6 OZONE REACTIONS WITH HALOGEN-CENTRED RADICALS......Page 223
14.2.1 Addition reactions......Page 228
14.2.2 H-abstraction reactions......Page 230
14.2.3 Electron transfer reactions......Page 231
14.3 DETERMINATION OF •OH RATE CONSTANTS......Page 232
14.4 DETECTION OF •OH IN OZONE REACTIONS......Page 233
14.5 DETERMINATION OF •OH YIELDS IN OZONE REACTIONS......Page 235
14.7 REDOX PROPERTIES OF PEROXYL RADICALS AND REACTION WITH OZONE......Page 236
14.8 UNIMOLECULAR DECAY OF PEROXYL RADICALS......Page 237
14.9 BIMOLECULAR DECAY OF PEROXYL RADICALS......Page 238
14.10 REACTIONS OF OXYL RADICALS......Page 239
14.11.1 Chlorate formation......Page 240
14.11.2 Bromate formation......Page 241
14.12.1 Saturated aliphatic compounds......Page 244
14.12.2 Aromatic compounds......Page 246
14.12.3 Chlorinated olefins......Page 248
14.12.4 Perfluorinated compounds......Page 251
References......Page 252
Index......Page 289