Chemistry of Nanocarbons

Chemistry of Nanocarbons......Page 1
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Contributors......Page 21
Abbreviations......Page 25
1.1 Introduction......Page 31
1.2 Overview of Functionalization Methods......Page 32
1.3.1 Dispersability of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 33
1.3.2 The Role of Noncovalent Functionalization in Nanotube Separation......Page 56
References......Page 65
2.1 Introduction......Page 79
2.2 Hydrogen Bonded C60• Donor Ensembles......Page 80
2.3 Concave exTTF Derivatives as Recognizing Motifs for Fullerene......Page 86
2.4 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 91
2.5 Summary and Outlook......Page 97
References......Page 98
3.1 Introduction......Page 103
3.2.1 A Fullerene Core to Probe Dendritic Shielding Effects......Page 104
3.2.2 Light Harvesting Dendrimers with a Fullerene Core......Page 107
3.3 Fullerene-Rich Dendrimers......Page 109
References......Page 119
4.1 Introduction......Page 123
4.2.2 Donor-Fullerene Dyads for Photoinduced Electron Transfer......Page 124
4.2.4 Supramolecular Donor-Fullerene Systems......Page 126
4.2.5 Photoelectrochemical Devices and Solar Cells......Page 129
4.3.1 General......Page 136
4.3.2 Carbon Nanotube – Electron Donor Acceptor Conjugates......Page 138
4.3.3 Carbon Nanotube – Electron Donor Acceptor Hybrids......Page 143
4.4 Other Nanocarbon Composites......Page 146
References......Page 147
5.1 Introduction......Page 159
5.1.1 Fullerene Chirality – Classification and the Stereodescriptor System......Page 160
5.1.2 Reactivity and Regioselectivity......Page 161
5.2.1 C70-Derivatives with an Inherently Chiral Functionalization Pattern......Page 162
5.2.2 C70-Derivatives with a Non-Inherently Chiral Functionalization Pattern......Page 178
5.3.1 Isolated and Structurally Assigned Higher Fullerenes......Page 182
5.3.2 Inherently Chiral Fullerenes – Chiral Scaffolds......Page 183
5.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 192
References......Page 193
6.1 Introduction......Page 203
6.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Fullerene Complexes......Page 204
6.3 Organometallic Chemistry of Metal Fullerene Complexes......Page 206
6.4 Synthesis of Multimetal Fullerene Complexes......Page 207
6.6 Reduction of Penta(organo)[60]fullerenes to Generate Polyanions......Page 209
6.7 Photoinduced Charge Separation......Page 210
6.8.1 Attaching Legs to Fullerene Metal Complexes......Page 211
6.8.2 Formation of Self-Assembled Monomolecular Films......Page 212
6.8.3 Photoelectric Current Generation Function of Lunar Lander-Type Molecules......Page 213
References......Page 215
7.1 Introduction......Page 219
7.2 Fullerenes as a Electron Acceptor......Page 220
7.3.1 Hydrocarbon Hosts......Page 222
7.3.2 Hosts Composed of Electron Rich Aromatic π-Systems......Page 224
7.3.3 Host Molecules Bearing Appendants......Page 225
7.3.4 Host Molecules with Dimeric or Polymeric Structures......Page 227
7.4.1 Hosts with a Porphyrin π System......Page 229
7.4.2 Hosts with Two Porphyrin π Systems......Page 230
7.5.1 Host with a Concave Structure......Page 233
7.5.2 Complexes with Host Molecules Bearing a Cylindrical Cavity......Page 234
References......Page 238
8.1 Introduction......Page 245
8.2.1 Cage Opening......Page 246
8.2.3 Encapsulation of a He Atom......Page 249
8.2.4 Closure of the Opening......Page 250
8.3 Chemical Functionalization of H2@C60......Page 252
8.4 Utilization of the Encapsulated H2 as an NMR Probe......Page 254
8.5 Physical Properties of an Encapsulated H2 in C60......Page 256
8.6.1 Synthesis of (H2)2@C70 and H2@C70......Page 257
8.6.2 Diels-Alder Reaction of (H2)2@C70 and H2@C70......Page 261
References......Page 263
9.1 Discovery, Preparation, and Purification......Page 269
9.2 Structural Studies......Page 270
9.2.1 Cycloaddition Reactions......Page 276
9.2.2 Free Radical and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions......Page 280
9.2.3 Electrochemistry Studies of TNT-EMFs......Page 282
References......Page 284
10.1 Introduction......Page 291
10.2 Chemical Derivatization of Mono-Metallofullerenes......Page 292
10.2.2 Nucleophilic Reaction......Page 293
10.3 Chemical Derivatization of Di-Metallofullerenes......Page 295
10.3.1 Bis-silylation......Page 296
10.3.3 Carbene Reaction......Page 297
10.4 Chemical Derivatization of Trimetallic Nitride Template Fullerene......Page 299
10.6 Missing Metallofullerene......Page 301
10.7.1 Supramolecular System with Macrocycles......Page 304
10.7.2 Supramolecular System with Organic Donor......Page 306
10.8 Conclusion......Page 307
References......Page 308
11.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the Role of Contrast Agents (CAs)......Page 317
11.2 The Advantages of Gadonanostructures as MRI Contrast Agent Synthons......Page 319
11.3 Gadofullerenes as MRI Contrast Agents......Page 320
11.4 Understanding the Relaxation Mechanism of Gadofullerenes......Page 321
11.5 Gadonanotubes as MRI Contrast Agents......Page 324
References......Page 327
12.1 Introduction......Page 331
12.3.1 Surfactants......Page 333
12.3.2 Aromatic Compounds......Page 335
12.4.1 Vinyl Polymers......Page 339
12.4.2 Conducting Polymers......Page 343
12.4.4 Block Copolymers......Page 344
12.5.1 DNA/Nanotube Hybrids......Page 345
12.5.2 Curable Monomers and Nanoimprinting......Page 347
12.5.3 Nanotube/Polymer Gel-Near IR Responsive Materials......Page 348
12.5.4 Conductive Nanotube Honeycomb Film......Page 350
References......Page 353
13.2 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes......Page 363
13.3.1 Electron Transfer Properties and Photovoltaic Applications......Page 366
13.3.2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Electrical Measurements and Field Effect Transistors......Page 376
13.3.3 Biosensors......Page 381
References......Page 386
14.1 Introduction......Page 395
14.2.1 Dispersion of SWNTs Using Amine......Page 396
14.2.2 Dispersion of SWNTs Using C60 Derivatives......Page 398
14.2.3 Dispersion of SWNTs in Organic Solvents......Page 401
14.3.1 Purification and Separation of SWNTs Prepared by CVD Methods......Page 403
14.3.2 Purification and Separation of Metallic SWNTs Prepared by Arc-Discharged Method......Page 405
14.3.3 Preparation of SWNTs and Metallic SWNTs Films......Page 407
References......Page 410
15.1 Introduction......Page 415
15.2.1 Synthesis Methods......Page 416
15.2.2 Electronic Structures of C60 Nanopeapods......Page 417
15.3.1 Structure of SWNH and SWNHox......Page 424
15.3.2 Liquid Phase Incorporation at Room Temperature......Page 425
15.3.3 Adsorption Sites of SWNHox......Page 427
15.3.4 Release of Materials from inside SWNHox......Page 428
References......Page 431
16.1 Introduction......Page 435
16.2 Electron Microscopic Observation of Small Molecules......Page 436
16.3 TEM Imaging of Alkyl Carborane Molecules......Page 437
16.4 Alkyl Chain Passing through a Hole......Page 438
16.5 3D Structural Information on Pyrene Amide Molecule......Page 439
16.6 Complex Molecule 4 Fixed outside of Nanotube......Page 440
Acknowledgements......Page 441
References......Page 442
17.1 Introduction......Page 443
17.2 Geometrical Structure......Page 447
17.3 Electronic Structure......Page 449
17.4.1 Tight Hydration......Page 452
17.4.2 Gels......Page 454
17.5 Applications......Page 455
17.5.1 Lubrication Water......Page 456
17.6 Recollection and Perspectives......Page 458
References......Page 460
18.1 Introduction......Page 463
18.2 Edge Effects in Graphene Nanoribbons and Nanographenes......Page 465
18.3.1 Graphene Nanoribbons......Page 468
18.3.2 Nanographenes......Page 474
References......Page 486
19 Carbon Nano Onions......Page 493
19.1 Introduction......Page 494
19.2.1 Annealing Process......Page 495
19.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon Nano Onions Prepared by Annealing Nanodiamonds......Page 496
19.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Studies......Page 497
19.3.2 Electrical Resistivity Studies......Page 498
19.4 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 499
19.5 Carbon Nano Onions Prepared from Arcing Graphite Underwater......Page 500
19.5.2 Properties of Carbon Nano Onions Obtained from Arc Discharge......Page 501
19.6.1 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction......Page 503
19.6.2 Amidation Reactions......Page 504
19.6.3 [2 + 1] Cycloaddition Reactions......Page 505
19.6.4 Free-Radical Addition Reactions......Page 506
19.7 Potential Applications of CNOs......Page 508
References......Page 511
Index......Page 515
Colour Plates......Page 529