Chemistry of Aromatherapeutic Oils 3rd Edition

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Introduction
1 What is Chemistry?
	Atomic theory of elements
		Rutherford’s atomic model
	Types of atoms found in essential oils
		Structure of a hydrogen atom
		Structure of a carbon atom
		Structure of an oxygen atom
	Bonding
		Atoms that don’t bond
		Types of bonding
	Symbols, formulae and chemical drawings
		Chemical formulae
		Drawing chemical structures
		Chemical names
		Functional group names
	Further reading
2 Plants and Essential Oils
	Plant classification
		How to write botanic names
	Plant anatomy
		Essential oil storage structures
	Plant physiology
		Photosynthesis
		Secondary products
	How plants make essential oil molecules
		Terpenoid molecules
		Monoterpenes
		Sesquiterpenes
		Phenols and phenyl propanoids
		Non-terpenoid aliphatic molecules
		Heterocyclic compounds
	Variation in essential oil composition
		Chemotype and effects of geo-climatic location
		Harvesting time
	A brief overview of the essential oil industry
	Further reading
3 Terpenes
	Physical characteristics of terpenoid molecules
		Polarity
		Solubility
	Molecular structure and information
	Monoterpenes
		Structure
		Distribution of monoterpenes in common essential oils
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the human body
		Therapeutic effects of monoterpenes
		Essential oils with high percentages of monoterpenes
	Sesquiterpenes
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of sesquiterpenes
		Essential oils with high percentages of sesquiterpenes
	Further reading
4 Functional groups
	Alcohols
	Monoterpenols
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of monoterpenols
		Essential oils with high percentages of monoterpenols
	Sesquiterpenols
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of sesquiterpenols
		Essential oils with high percentages of sesquiterpenols
	Phenols
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of phenols
		Essential oils with high percentages of phenols
	Aldehydes
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of aldehydes
		Essential oils with high percentages of aldehydes
	Ketones
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of ketones
		Essential oils with high percentages of ketones
	Acids and esters
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of acids and esters
		Essential oils with high percentages of esters
	Phenyl methyl ethers
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of phenyl methyl ethers
		Essential oils with high percentages of phenyl methyl ethers
	Cyclic ethers or oxides
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of oxides
		Essential oils with high percentages of cyclic ethers 1,8-cineole
	Lactones
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of lactones
		Essential oils with high percentages of lactones
	Coumarins
		Structure
		Naming
		Solubility
		Volatility
		Reactivity
		Toxic effects on the body
		Therapeutic effects of coumarins
		Essential oils with high percentages of coumarins
	Summary of hazardous and therapeutic properties of functional groups
	Further reading
5 The pharmacology of essential oils
	Pharmacodynamics
		Binding affinity and specificity
		Selectivity
		Drug potency and efficacy
		Plasma concentration
	Pharmacokinetics
		Absorption
		Distribution
		Metabolism
		Excretion
	Pharmacokinetic pathway of essential oils
		Determining the therapeutic dosage range of essential oils
	Interactions of essential oils with pharmaceutical drugs
	Pharmacological targets of essential oil constituents
		Interactions with lipophilic cell membranes
		Solvent effects on cholesterol
		Anti-oxidant effects
		Anticoagulant effects
		Effects on excretion
		Interaction with glutathione
	Enzyme effects
		Inhibition of nuclear transcription factors
		Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes
		Induction of adenylate cyclase
		Induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes
		Interactions with UDP-glucuronyl transferase
		Inhibition of mevalonate pathway
		Inhibition of isoprenylation enzymes
		Acetylcholinesterase inhibition
	Interactions with DNA and developmental processes
		Phototoxicity
		Hyperplasia
		Developmental defects
	Cell membrane ion channel effects
		Calcium ion flow inhibition
		Antispasmodic effects
	Receptor interactions
		Histamine receptors
		Antagonism of H1 receptors
		Agonism of H1 receptors
		Oestrogen receptors
		Neurotransmitter effects
	Psychopharmacology
		Indirect effects of essential oils on mood and cognition via the olfactory pathway
		The limbic system, mood, odour conditioning and memory
	Summary of health conditions and applicable pharmacodynamic effects of essential oil molecules
	Further reading
6 Quality control
	Quality control of essential oils
		Adulteration
		How can we be sure we are buying good quality oils?
		Physical measures of essential oil quality
		Effects of extraction method on essential oil quality
		Degradation of essential oils
7 Isomers and naming
	Geometric isomers
	Enantiomers
	Chirality
		Optical activity of enantiomers
	Systematic chemical nomenclature
	Further reading
8 Molecular structures
	Common monoterpenes
	Common sesquiterpenes
	Common monoterpenols
	Common sesquiterpenols
	Common phenols
	Common aldehydes
	Common ketones
	Common esters
	Common ethers
	Common cyclic ethers and oxides
	Common lactones
	Common coumarins
	Common furocoumarins
Appendix: Ready reference list of essential oils
Notes
Index