Chemistry in Focus Year 11

Contents
Introduction
Author team
Author acknowledgements
Publisher acknowledgements
Using Chemistry in Focus
outcome grid
Chapter 01: Review of basic concepts
	Mixtures and pure substances
	Elements and compounds
	Physical states
	Solutions and suspensions
	Physical and chemical changes
	Particle nature of matter
	Atoms, molecules and ions
	Symbols and formulae
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 02: Properties of matter
	Physical properties
	Using physical propertiesto separate mixtures
	Gravimetric analysis
	A survey of the elements
	The periodic table
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 03: Atomic structure
	An atom – a nucleus and an electron cloud
	Isotopes
	Unstable isotopes
	Energy levels for electrons
	The periodic table
	Orbitals and sublevels
	 Atomic emission spectroscopy
	 Flame tests
	 Bohr, Schrödinger and atomic structure
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 04: Periodicity
	 Melting point and physical state
	Atomic radius
	 Ionisation energy
	 Electronegativity
	 Metallic character and reactivity with water
	 Summary of trends
	  Chapter summary
	  Chapter review questions
Chapter 05: Chemical bonding
	 Achieving noble gas configurations
	 Formation of ions – ionic bonding
	 Ionic bonding and the periodic table
	 Naming simple ionic compounds
	 Covalent bonding
	 Drawing electron-dot structures
	 Ionic or covalent bonding and electronegativity
	 Valency and position in the periodic table
	 Naming covalent binary compounds
	Properties of ionic and covalent molecular substances
	Covalent network solids
	Metallic bonding
	Solids summarised
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 07: Chemical reactions, stoichiometry and the mole
	Chemical reactions
	Law of conservation of mass
	The need for quantitative calculations
	Relative atomic mass (atomic weight)
	Relative molecular mass (molecular weight)
	The mole
	Relative formula mass (formula weight)
	Converting between mass, moles and numbers of atoms or molecules
	Percentage composition
	Calculating formulae from experimental data
	Moles and chemical equations
	Mass calculations from chemical equations
	Limiting reagent calculations
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 08: Solutions – concentration and molarity
	Nature of solutions
	Different measures of concentration
	Measuring volumes of solutions
	Molarity
	Dilution
	Solution calculations involving reactions
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 09: Gas laws
	Gay-Lussac’s law and Avogadro’s law
	Calculations involving volumes of gases
	Boyle‘s law, Charles‘s law, and Avogadro‘s law revisited
	Combining three gas laws: the ideal gas law
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 10: Types of chemical reaction
	Indicators of chemical change (reaction)
	Synthesis reactions
	Decomposition reactions
	Combustion reactions
	Precipitation reactions
	 Predicting precipitation reactions
	Acid–base reactions
	Acid–carbonate reactions
	Reactions that make cycad fruit safe to eat
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 11: Reactions of metals
	Reactivity of metals
	Displacement reactions
	An activity series
	Metal activity and the periodic table
	Oxidation and reduction
	Oxidants and reductants
	Oxidation number (oxidation state)
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 12: Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials
	Electricity from redox reactions
	Parts of a galvanic cell
	Types of galvanic cell
	Standard electrode potentials
	Calculating voltages for redox reactions
	Calculating the voltage of a galvanic cell
	Standard electrode potentials and reactivity of metals
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 13: Rates of reaction
	Meaning of ‘rate of reaction’
	Factors influencing the rate of a reaction
	Temperature and activation energy
	Collision theory of reaction rates
	How catalysts work
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 14: Energy changes in chemical reactions
	  Exothermic and endothermic reactions
	Temperature, quantity of heat and heat capacity
	Enthalpy
	Measuring enthalpy changes for reactions
	Heat of combustion
	Energy profiles
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 15: Enthalpy and Hess’s law
	Explaining enthalpy changes
	Law of conservation of energy
	Standard enthalpy change and standard state
	Standard enthalpy of formation
	Enthalpies of formation from heats of combustion
	Estimating ΔH  from bond energies
	Bond energy
	Photosynthesis and respiration
	Chapter Summary
	Chapter Review Questions
Chapter 17: Working scientifically and depth studies
	The nature of science
	Solving scientific problems – depth studies
	Designing your investigation
	Conducting your investigation
	Analysing data
	Communicating your understanding
	Ideas for depth studies
	Chapter Summary
Appendix 1: Experimental error and significant figures
Appendix 2: Relative atomic masses of common elements
Appendix 3: Periodic table of elements
Numerical Answers
Glossary
Index