Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry

About the Authors......Page 6
About the Cover......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 21
Case Study......Page 34
Learning Objectives......Page 35
1.1 What is Matter?......Page 36
1.2 Properties and Changes......Page 37
1.3 A Model of Matter......Page 40
1.4 Classifying Matter......Page 42
1.5 Measurement Units......Page 45
1.6 The Metric System......Page 46
1.7 Large and Small Numbers......Page 51
1.8 Significant Figures......Page 54
1.9 Using Units in Calculations......Page 59
1.10 Calculating Percentages......Page 61
1.11 Density......Page 62
Concept Summary......Page 67
Exercises......Page 69
Case Study......Page 78
2.1 Symbols and Formulas......Page 79
2.2 Inside the Atom......Page 82
2.3 Isotopes......Page 83
2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules......Page 84
2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights......Page 88
2.6 Avogadro's Number: The Mole......Page 89
2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas......Page 94
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 96
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 97
Exercises......Page 98
Case Study......Page 104
Learning Objectives......Page 105
3.1 The Periodic Law and Table......Page 106
3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms......Page 107
3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties......Page 111
3.4 Electronic Configurations......Page 113
3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table......Page 117
3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table......Page 122
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 127
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 128
Exercises......Page 129
Case Study......Page 134
4.1 Noble Gas Configurations......Page 135
4.2 Ionic Bonding......Page 138
4.3 Ionic Compounds......Page 140
4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds......Page 142
4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds......Page 144
4.6 Covalent Bonding......Page 146
4.7 Polyatomic Ions......Page 150
4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions......Page 152
4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules......Page 156
4.10 More about Naming Compounds......Page 160
4.11 Other Interparticle Forces......Page 163
Concept Summary......Page 169
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 170
Exercises......Page 171
Case Study......Page 178
5.1 Chemical Equations......Page 179
5.2 Types of Reactions......Page 181
5.3 Redox Reactions......Page 182
5.4 Decomposition Reactions......Page 186
5.6 Replacement Reactions......Page 187
5.7 Ionic Equations......Page 189
5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations......Page 192
5.10 The Limiting Reactant......Page 195
5.11 Reaction Yields......Page 197
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 199
Concept Summary......Page 200
Exercises......Page 201
Case Study......Page 208
Learning Objectives......Page 209
6.1 Observed Properties of Matter......Page 210
6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter......Page 212
6.3 The Solid State......Page 213
6.4 The Liquid State......Page 214
6.6 The Gas Laws......Page 215
6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume Relationships......Page 219
6.8 The Ideal Gas Law......Page 223
6.9 Dalton's Law......Page 225
6.10 Graham's Law......Page 226
6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure......Page 227
6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point......Page 229
6.14 Sublimation and Melting......Page 230
6.15 Energy and the States of Matter......Page 231
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 235
Concept Summary......Page 236
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 237
Exercises......Page 238
Case Study......Page 246
7.1 Physical States of Solutions......Page 247
7.2 Solubility......Page 249
7.3 The Solution Process......Page 252
7.4 Solution Concentrations......Page 256
7.5 Solution Preparation......Page 260
7.6 Solution Stoichiometry......Page 264
7.7 Solution Properties......Page 266
7.8 Colloids......Page 271
7.9 Dialysis......Page 274
Concept Summary......Page 276
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 277
Exercises......Page 278
Case Study......Page 286
Learning Objectives......Page 287
8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes......Page 288
8.2 Reaction Rates......Page 289
8.3 Molecular Collisions......Page 290
8.4 Energy Diagrams......Page 293
8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates......Page 294
8.6 Chemical Equilibrium......Page 296
8.7 The Position of Equilibrium......Page 298
8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium Position......Page 300
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 304
Concept Summary......Page 305
Exercises......Page 306
Case Study......Page 314
9.1 The Arrhenius Theory......Page 315
9.2 The Bronsted Theory......Page 316
9.3 Naming Acids......Page 317
9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water......Page 319
9.5 The pH Concept......Page 321
9.6 Properties of Acids......Page 324
9.7 Properties of Bases......Page 328
9.8 Salts......Page 329
9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases......Page 332
9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases......Page 339
9.11 Titration Calculations......Page 341
9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts......Page 342
9.13 Buffers......Page 344
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 348
Concept Summary......Page 349
Key Equations......Page 350
Exercises......Page 351
Case Study......Page 360
10.1 Radioactive Nuclei......Page 361
10.2 Equations for Nuclear Reactions......Page 363
10.3 Isotope Half-Life......Page 366
10.4 The Health Effects of Radiation......Page 368
10.5 Measurement Units for Radiation......Page 370
10.6 Medical Uses of Radioisotopes......Page 373
10.7 Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes......Page 374
10.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions......Page 376
10.9 Nuclear Energy......Page 379
Concept Summary......Page 385
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 386
Exercises......Page 387
Case Study......Page 392
11.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds......Page 393
11.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared......Page 395
11.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism......Page 396
11.4 Functional Groups: The Organization of Organic Chemistry......Page 399
11.5 Alkane Structures......Page 401
11.6 Conformations of Alkanes......Page 405
11.7 Alkane Nomenclature......Page 407
11.8 Cycloalkanes......Page 413
11.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes......Page 415
11.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes......Page 418
11.11 Alkane Reactions......Page 420
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 421
Concept Summary......Page 422
Exercises......Page 423
Case Study......Page 430
Learning Objectives......Page 431
12.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes......Page 432
12.2 The Geometry of Alkenes......Page 435
12.3 Properties of Alkenes......Page 439
12.4 Addition Polymers......Page 444
12.5 Alkynes......Page 447
12.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure......Page 448
12.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives......Page 451
12.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds......Page 455
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 456
Concept Summary......Page 457
Exercises......Page 458
Case Study......Page 464
Learning Objectives......Page 465
13.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols......Page 466
13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols......Page 469
13.4 Reactions of Alcohols......Page 471
13.5 Important Alcohols......Page 476
13.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols......Page 480
13.7 Ethers......Page 483
13.8 Properties of Ethers......Page 484
13.9 Thiols......Page 485
13.10 Polyfunctional Compounds......Page 487
Concept Summary......Page 489
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 490
Key Reactions......Page 491
Exercises......Page 492
Case Study......Page 498
Learning Objectives......Page 499
14.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 500
14.2 Physical Properties......Page 503
14.3 Chemical Properties......Page 505
14.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 517
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 519
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 520
Key Reactions......Page 521
Exercises......Page 522
Case Study......Page 528
Learning Objectives......Page 529
15.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids......Page 530
15.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids......Page 531
15.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids......Page 534
15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids......Page 536
15.5 Carboxylic Esters......Page 538
15.6 The Nomenclature of Esters......Page 542
15.7 Reactions of Esters......Page 543
15.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids......Page 547
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 549
Concept Summary......Page 550
Key Reactions......Page 551
Exercises......Page 552
Case Study......Page 558
Learning Objectives......Page 559
16.2 The Nomenclature of Amines......Page 560
16.3 Physical Properties of Amines......Page 563
16.4 Chemical Properties of Amines......Page 564
16.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters......Page 571
16.6 Other Biologically Important Amines......Page 574
16.7 The Nomenclature of Amides......Page 577
16.8 Physical Properties of Amides......Page 578
16.9 Chemical Properties of Amides......Page 579
Concept Summary......Page 582
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 583
Exercises......Page 584
Case Study......Page 590
Learning Objectives......Page 591
17.1 Classes of Carbohydrates......Page 592
17.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates......Page 593
17.3 Fischer Projections......Page 597
17.4 Monosaccharides......Page 601
17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides......Page 602
17.6 Important Monosaccharides......Page 608
17.7 Disaccharides......Page 609
17.8 Polysaccharides......Page 612
Concept Summary......Page 618
Key Reactions......Page 619
Exercises......Page 620
Case Study......Page 624
Learning Objectives......Page 625
18.2 Fatty Acids......Page 626
18.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils......Page 629
18.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils......Page 631
18.6 Phosphoglycerides......Page 634
18.7 Sphingolipids......Page 637
18.8 Biological Membranes......Page 638
18.9 Steroids......Page 640
18.10 Steroid Hormones......Page 644
18.11 Prostaglandins......Page 646
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 647
Concept Summary......Page 648
Key Reactions......Page 649
Exercises......Page 650
Case Study......Page 654
19.1 The Amino Acids......Page 655
19.2 Zwitterions......Page 658
19.3 Reactions of Amino Acids......Page 660
19.4 Important Peptides......Page 663
19.5 Characteristics of Proteins......Page 665
19.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins......Page 669
19.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins......Page 670
19.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins......Page 673
19.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins......Page 675
19.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation......Page 677
Concept Summary......Page 679
Key Terms and Concepts......Page 680
Key Reactions......Page 681
Exercises......Page 682
Case Study......Page 686
20.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes......Page 687
20.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification......Page 689
20.3 Enzyme Cofactors......Page 691
20.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action......Page 693
20.5 Enzyme Activity......Page 694
20.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity......Page 695
20.7 Enzyme Inhibition......Page 696
20.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity......Page 702
20.9 Medical Application of Enzymes......Page 705
Concept Summary......Page 707
Key Reactions......Page 708
Exercises......Page 709
Case Study......Page 712
Learning Objectives......Page 713
21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids......Page 714
21.2 The Structure of DNA......Page 716
21.3 DNA Replication......Page 720
21.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)......Page 724
21.5 The Flow of Genetic Information......Page 728
21.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis......Page 729
21.7 The Genetic Code......Page 731
21.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis......Page 734
21.10 Recombinant DNA......Page 737
Concept Summary......Page 742
Exercises......Page 744
Case Study......Page 748
22.1 Nutritional Requirements......Page 749
22.2 The Macronutrients......Page 751
22.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins......Page 754
22.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals......Page 757
22.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere......Page 758
22.6 Metabolism and an Overview of Energy Production......Page 761
22.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier......Page 762
22.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic Pathway......Page 767
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 772
Concept Summary......Page 773
Key Reactions......Page 774
Exercises......Page 775
Case Study......Page 778
23.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates......Page 779
23.3 Glycolysis......Page 780
23.4 The Fates of Pyruvate......Page 784
23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle......Page 786
23.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 789
23.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose......Page 791
23.9 Glycogen Metabolism......Page 793
23.10 Gluconeogenesis......Page 794
23.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 797
Concept Summary......Page 799
Key Reactions......Page 801
Exercises......Page 802
Case Study......Page 806
Learning Objectives......Page 807
24.1 Blood Lipids......Page 808
24.2 Fat Mobilization......Page 811
24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids......Page 812
24.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids......Page 815
24.6 Ketone Bodies......Page 816
24.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis......Page 818
24.8 Amino Acid Metabolism......Page 819
24.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen Atoms......Page 820
24.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Skeleton......Page 824
24.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis......Page 827
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 828
Concept Summary......Page 829
Key Reactions......Page 830
Exercises......Page 831
Case Study......Page 834
25.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids......Page 835
25.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 836
25.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells......Page 841
25.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance......Page 842
25.6 Acid-Base Balance......Page 844
25.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH......Page 845
25.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH......Page 846
25.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis......Page 847
Case Study Follow-Up......Page 849
Concept Summary......Page 850
Exercises......Page 851
Appendix A: The International System of Measurements......Page 855
Appendix B: Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises......Page 857
Appendix C: Solutions to Learning Checks......Page 901
Glossary......Page 923
Index......Page 935