Chemistry for Engineering Students

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 22
Student Introduction......Page 31
1. Introduction to Chemistry......Page 36
1.1 INSIGHT INTO: Aluminum......Page 38
The Macroscopic Perspective......Page 40
The Microscopic or Particulate Perspective......Page 42
Symbolic Representation......Page 45
Observations in Science......Page 46
Interpreting Observations......Page 48
Models in Science......Page 49
Units......Page 50
Numbers and Significant Figures......Page 54
Using Ratios......Page 57
Ratios in Chemistry Calculations......Page 59
Conceptual Chemistry Problems......Page 61
Visualization in Chemistry......Page 62
1.6 INSIGHT INTO: Material Selection and Bicycle Frames......Page 65
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 66
Summary......Page 67
Problems and Exercises......Page 68
2. Atoms and Molecules......Page 72
2.1 INSIGHT INTO: Polymers......Page 73
2.2 Atomic Structure and Mass......Page 75
Fundamental Concepts of the Atom......Page 76
Isotopes......Page 77
Atomic Masses......Page 79
2.3 Ions......Page 81
Mathematical Description......Page 82
Ions and Their Properties......Page 83
Chemical Formulas......Page 84
Chemical Bonding......Page 86
Periods and Groups......Page 89
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids......Page 92
2.6 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry......Page 93
Inorganic Chemistry—Main Groups and Transition Metals......Page 94
Organic Chemistry......Page 95
Functional Groups......Page 99
2.7 Chemical Nomenclature......Page 100
Naming Covalent Compounds......Page 101
Naming Ionic Compounds......Page 102
2.8 INSIGHT INTO: Polyethylene......Page 104
Summary......Page 107
Key Terms......Page 108
Problems and Exercises......Page 109
3. Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations......Page 113
3.1 INSIGHT INTO: Explosions......Page 114
Writing Chemical Equations......Page 116
Balancing Chemical Equations......Page 118
MathConnections......Page 121
3.3 Aqueous Solutions and Net Ionic Equations......Page 124
Solutions, Solvents, and Solutes......Page 125
Chemical Equations for Aqueous Reactions......Page 129
Acid–Base Reactions......Page 130
3.4 Interpreting Equations and the Mole......Page 134
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole......Page 135
Determining Molar Mass......Page 137
3.5 Calculations Using Moles and Molar Masses......Page 138
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas......Page 141
Molarity......Page 144
Dilution......Page 146
3.6 INSIGHT INTO: Fuel Cells......Page 147
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 149
Key Terms......Page 150
Problems and Exercises......Page 151
4. Stoichiometry......Page 157
4.1 INSIGHT INTO: Gasoline and Other Fuels......Page 158
4.2 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry......Page 162
Obtaining Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation......Page 163
4.3 Limiting Reactants......Page 168
4.4 Theoretical and Percentage Yields......Page 174
4.5 Solution Stoichiometry......Page 176
4.6 INSIGHT INTO: Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives......Page 180
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 181
Summary......Page 182
Problems and Exercises......Page 183
5. Gases......Page 190
5.1 INSIGHT INTO: Air Pollution......Page 191
Properties of Gases......Page 194
5.2 Pressure......Page 195
Measuring Pressure......Page 196
Units of Pressure......Page 197
5.3 History and Application of the Gas Law......Page 198
Units and the Ideal Gas Law......Page 202
5.4 Partial Pressure......Page 204
5.5 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases......Page 208
STP Conditions......Page 209
Postulates of the Model......Page 211
MathConnections......Page 213
Real Gases and Limitations of the Kinetic Theory......Page 215
Correcting the Ideal Gas Equation......Page 216
Capacitance Manometer......Page 219
Ionization Gauge......Page 220
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 222
Summary......Page 223
Problems and Exercises......Page 224
6. The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure......Page 231
6.1 INSIGHT INTO : Incandescent and Fluorescent Lights......Page 232
6.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 234
The Wave Nature of Light......Page 235
MathConnections......Page 236
The Particulate Nature of Light......Page 239
6.3 Atomic Spectra......Page 244
The Bohr Atom......Page 247
6.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom......Page 249
MathConnections......Page 250
Potential Energy and Orbitals......Page 251
Quantum Numbers......Page 252
Visualizing Orbitals......Page 256
6.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electron Configurations......Page 259
Orbital Energies and Electron Configurations......Page 260
Hund’s Rule and the Aufbau Principle......Page 262
6.6 The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations......Page 265
6.7 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties......Page 266
Atomic Size......Page 267
Ionization Energy......Page 268
Electron Affinity......Page 270
6.8 INSIGHT INTO: Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers......Page 273
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 275
Key Terms......Page 276
Problems and Exercises......Page 277
7. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure......Page 282
7.1 INSIGHT INTO: Familiar Fluorine Compounds......Page 283
Formation of Cations......Page 285
Formation of Anions......Page 287
Chemical Bonds and Energy......Page 291
Chemical Bonds and Reactions......Page 293
Chemical Bonds and the Structure of Molecules......Page 294
7.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity......Page 296
Electronegativity......Page 297
Bond Polarity......Page 298
7.5 Keeping Track of Bonding: Lewis Structures......Page 300
Resonance......Page 306
7.6 Orbital Overlap and Chemical Bonding......Page 308
7.7 Hybrid Orbitals......Page 311
7.8 Shapes of Molecules......Page 313
7.9 INSIGHT INTO: Chlorofluorocarbons......Page 323
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 324
Key Terms......Page 325
Problems and Exercises......Page 326
8. Molecules and Materials......Page 330
8.1 INSIGHT INTO: Carbon......Page 331
8.2 Condensed Phases—Solids......Page 334
8.3 Bonding in Solids: Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors......Page 341
Models of Metallic Bonding......Page 342
Band Theory and Conductivity......Page 344
Semiconductors......Page 346
Dispersion Forces......Page 350
Hydrogen Bonding......Page 352
8.5 Condensed Phases—Liquids......Page 356
Vapor Pressure......Page 357
Boiling Point......Page 358
Surface Tension......Page 359
8.6 Polymers......Page 361
Addition Polymers......Page 362
Condensation Polymers......Page 365
Physical Properties......Page 367
8.7 INSIGHT INTO: The Invention of New Materials......Page 370
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 372
Key Terms......Page 373
Problems and Exercises......Page 374
9. Energy and Chemistry......Page 378
9.1 INSIGHT INTO: Energy Use and the World Economy......Page 379
Forms of Energy......Page 382
Heat and Work......Page 383
Energy Units......Page 384
9.3 Energy Transformation and Conservation of Energy......Page 385
Waste Energy......Page 387
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat......Page 389
Calorimetry......Page 393
Defining Enthalpy......Page 396
ΔH of Phase Changes......Page 397
Vaporization and Electricity Production......Page 400
Bonds and Energy......Page 401
Heats of Reaction for Some Specific Reactions......Page 403
Hess’s Law......Page 404
Formation Reactions and Hess’s Law......Page 406
9.7 Energy and Stoichiometry......Page 409
Energy Density and Fuels......Page 411
9.8 INSIGHT INTO: Batteries......Page 412
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 415
Summary......Page 416
Problems and Exercises......Page 417
10. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 423
10.1 INSIGHT INTO: Recycling of Plastics......Page 424
Spontaneous Processes......Page 426
Enthalpy and Spontaneity......Page 427
10.3 Entropy......Page 428
Probability and Spontaneous Change......Page 429
Definition of Entropy......Page 430
Judging Entropy Changes in Processes......Page 432
The Second Law......Page 433
Implications and Applications......Page 434
10.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics......Page 435
Free Energy and Spontaneous Change......Page 438
10.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions......Page 442
Implications of ΔG° for a Reaction......Page 444
10.8 INSIGHT INTO: The Economics of Recycling......Page 445
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 448
Problems and Exercises......Page 449
11. Chemical Kinetics......Page 458
11.1 INSIGHT INTO: Ozone Depletion......Page 459
Concept of Rate and Rates of Reaction......Page 461
Stoichiometry and Rate......Page 462
Average Rate and Instantaneous Rate......Page 464
The Rate Law......Page 466
Determination of the Rate Law......Page 468
11.4 Integrated Rate Laws......Page 471
MathConnections......Page 472
First-Order Integrated Rate Law......Page 473
Second-Order Integrated Rate Law......Page 476
Half-Life......Page 479
11.5 Temperature and Kinetics......Page 481
Temperature Effects and Molecules That React......Page 482
Arrhenius Behavior......Page 484
Making Mental Connections......Page 487
Elementary Steps and Reaction Mechanisms......Page 490
Mechanisms and Rate: The Rate-Determining Step......Page 493
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts......Page 494
Catalysis and Process Engineering......Page 496
11.8 INSIGHT INTO: Tropospheric Ozone......Page 497
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 499
Summary......Page 500
Problems and Exercises......Page 501
12. Chemical Equilibrium......Page 511
12.1 INSIGHT INTO: Hydrogen Cyanide......Page 512
12.2 Chemical Equilibrium......Page 514
Forward and Reverse Reactions......Page 515
Mathematical Relationships......Page 517
12.3 Equilibrium Constants......Page 518
The Equilibrium (Mass Action) Expression......Page 519
Gas Phase Equilibria: K[sub(p)] vs.K[sub(c)]......Page 520
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria......Page 521
Numerical Importance of the Equilibrium Expression......Page 523
Reversing the Chemical Equation......Page 524
Adjusting the Stoichiometry of the Chemical Reaction......Page 525
Equilibrium Constants for a Series of Reactions......Page 526
Units and the Equilibrium Constant......Page 527
Equilibrium Concentrations from Initial Concentrations......Page 528
12.5 LeChatelier’s Principle......Page 533
Effect of a Change in Concentration of Reactant or Product on Equilibrium......Page 534
Effect of a Change in Pressure on Equilibrium, When Gases Are Present......Page 536
Effect of a Change in Temperature on Equilibrium......Page 538
Defining the Solubility Product Constant......Page 540
The Relationship Between K[sub(sp)] and Molar Solubility......Page 541
Common Ion Effect......Page 543
The Brønsted–Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases......Page 545
The Role of Water in the Brønsted–Lowry Theory......Page 546
Weak Acids and Bases......Page 547
Graphical Perspective......Page 551
Free Energy and Nonstandard Conditions......Page 552
12.9 INSIGHT INTO: Borates and Boric Acid......Page 554
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 555
Problems and Exercises......Page 556
13. Electrochemistry......Page 564
13.1 INSIGHT INTO: Corrosion......Page 565
13.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Galvanic Cells......Page 566
Oxidation–Reduction and Half-Reactions......Page 567
Building a Galvanic Cell......Page 569
Atomic Perspective on Galvanic Cells......Page 570
Galvanic Corrosion and Uniform Corrosion......Page 572
13.3 Cell Potentials......Page 573
Measuring Cell Potential......Page 574
Standard Reduction Potentials......Page 576
Nonstandard Conditions......Page 580
Cell Potentials and Free Energy......Page 582
Equilibrium Constants......Page 584
Primary Cells......Page 585
Secondary Cells......Page 588
13.6 Electrolysis......Page 590
Electrolysis and Polarity......Page 591
Passive Electrolysis in Refining Aluminum......Page 592
Active Electrolysis and Electroplating......Page 593
Current and Charge......Page 594
Calculations Using Masses of Substances in Electrolysis......Page 597
Coatings......Page 599
Cathodic Protection......Page 600
Preventing Corrosion in Space......Page 601
Summary......Page 602
Problems and Exercises......Page 603
Appendix A: International Table of Atomic Weights......Page 612
Appendix B: Physical Constants......Page 614
Appendix C: Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State......Page 615
Appendix D: Specific Heats and Heat Capacities of Some Common Substances......Page 616
Appendix E: Selected Thermodynamic Data at 298.15 K......Page 617
Appendix F: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids at 25°C......Page 624
Appendix G: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases at 25°C......Page 626
Appendix H: Solubility Product Constants of Some Inorganic Compounds at 25°C......Page 627
Appendix I: Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C......Page 629
Appendix J: Answers to Check Your Understanding Exercises......Page 633
Appendix K: Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises......Page 636
Glossary......Page 658
Index......Page 672