Chemistry and physics for nurse anesthesia : a student-centered approach

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Videos
Foreword
Preface
Share Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia: A Student-Centered Approach, Third Edition
Chapter 1: Measurement
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	A Review of Some Basic Mathematical Skills
		Order of Operations
		Algebra: Solving Equations for an Unknown Quantity
		Exponents
		Scientific Notation
		Graphing
	Measurements and Significant Figures
	Significant Figures in Calculations
	Accuracy and Precision
	SI (Metric System)
	Absolute Zero and the Kelvin Scale
	Conversion Factors
	Density
	Density and Specific Gravity
	Summary
	Review Questions for Measurment
Chapter 2: A Review of Some Chemistry Basics
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	What Is Chemistry?
		Matter
		Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
		Pure Substances and Mixtures
	Atomic Structure and Dimension
		Atomic Number and Mass Number
		Isotopes and Mass Spectroscopy
	Dalton’s Atomic Theory
	The Periodic Table of the Elements
		Average Atomic Weights
		Classifying Elements on the Periodic Table
	Some Common Elements
	Chemical Nomenclature
		Naming Molecular Compounds
		Naming Ions and Ionic Compounds
		Monatomic Cations of Representative Metals
		Monatomic Anions of Representative Nonmetals
		Transition-Metal Cations
		Polyatomic Ions
		Formulas of Ionic Compounds
		Ionic Compounds
		Hydrates
		Formulas from Names
	Electrolytes
	Stoichiometry
		Moles
		Molar Mass (Molecular Weight)
	Summary
	Review Questions for Chemistry Basics
Chapter 3: Basics of Physics Part 1 (Force and Pressure)
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Newton’s Laws
	Mass
	Velocity
		Vectors
		Vector Addition
	Acceleration
	Force
		Gravity
		Weight
		Units of Mass and Weight
	Pressure
		Units of Pressure
	Atmospheric Pressure
	Measuring Pressure
		Barometer
		Manometer
		Aneroid Bellows Gauge
		Bourdon Gauge
		Gauge Pressure and Total Pressure
	Oscillometry
	Summary
	Review Questions for Physics (Part 1)
Chapter 4: Basics of Physics Part 2 (Work, Energy, and Power)
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Work
		Kinetic Energy and Work
		Gases and Work
	State Functions
		The Real World
	Energy
		Units of Energy: Joules
		Units of Energy: “Big C” Calories and “Little C” Calories
		Kinetic Energy
		Potential Energy
		Internal Energy
	Thermodynamics
		The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
		The First Law of Thermodynamics
		The Second Law of Thermodynamics
		The Third Law of Thermodynamics
		Heat Versus Temperature
	Specific Heat
	Power
	Summary
	Review Questions for Physics (Part 2)
Chapter 5: Fluids
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Fluids: A Definition
	Hydrostatics
		Pressure
		Pressure at the Same Depth
		Pressure Versus Container Shape
		Pascal’s Principle
		Buoyancy
		Archimedes’ Principle
		Hydrometers
	Hydrodynamics: Moving Fluids
		Flow Rate
		Speed and Diameter
		Equation of Continuity
		The Bernoulli Equation
		Venturi Tube Flowmeter
	Viscosity
	Summary
	Review Questions for Fluids
Chapter 6: The Gas Laws
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	The Empirical Gas Laws
		The Volume–Pressure Relationship: Boyle’s Law
		The Volume–Temperature Relationship: Charles’s Law
		The Volume–Mole Relationship: Avogadro’s Law
		Combined Gas Law
	The Ideal Gas Law
		Standard Conditions and the Universal Gas Constant
		Gas Density
	Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
		Relative Humidity
	Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
		Distribution of Kinetic Energies
		Speed of Gas Molecules
	Graham’s Law of Effusion
	Ideal Gases and Real Gases
		The Van der Waals Equation
	Summary
	Review Questions for Gases
Chapter 7: States of Matter and Changes of State
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
		Intermolecular Forces
	Chemical Bonding and the Octet Rule
		Ionic Bonds
		Covalent Bonds
		Valence Bond Theory
		Bond Length and Bond Energy
		Lewis Structures
		VSEPR Theory
		Linear Geometry
		Trigonal Planar Geometry
		Tetrahedral Geometry
		Bent Geometry
		Pyramidal
		Electronegativity
		Polar Covalent Bonds
		Molecular Polarity
		Intermolecular Forces
		Dipole–Dipole Attraction
		Hydrogen Bonding
		London Forces
		Ion–Dipole Attraction
		Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties
		Solubility
		Surface Tension
		Laplace’s Law
		Surfactants
		Monolayers
		Bilayers
		Micelles
		Viscosity
		Vapor Pressure
		Boiling Point
		Melting Point
	Energy Changes and Changes of State
		Heat of Fusion and Heat of Vaporization
		Phase Diagrams
	Summary
	Review Questions for States of Matter and Changes of State
Chapter 8: Solutions and Their Behavior
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Some Basic Terminology
	Solution Concentrations
		Molarity
		Molality
		Percent
		Normality and Equivalents
		Parts per Million
	Solubility
	Energy Changes and the Solution Proces
	Factors Affecting Solubility
		Effect of Pressure on Solubility
		Effect of Temperature on Solubility
	Colligative Properties of Solutions
		Vapor Pressure
		Boiling Point
		Freezing Point
		Osmotic Pressure
	Colloids
	Summary
	Review Questions for Solutions
Chapter 9: Acids, Bases, and Buffers
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Chemical Equilibria
		Le Châtelier’s Principle
		Changing Concentration
		Changing Temperature
		Changing Volume and Pressure
		The Equilibrium Constant
		Subscripts
		Meaning of K
		Solids and Liquids
		Reversing a Reaction
	Acids and Bases
		Definition of Acids and Bases
		Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
		Amphiprotic Species
		Strong Acids
		Strong Bases
		Weak Acids
		Weak Bases
		Polyprotic Acids
		Acid and Base Strength: Ka and Kb
		Acid/Base Strength of Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs
	Acid–Base Reactions
	Measuring Acidity: The pH Function
		The p-Function
		Self-Ionization of Water
		Relationship Between pH and pOH
		pKa and pKb
	Calculating the pH of Solutions
		The Key Relationships
		Calculating the pH of a Strong Acid Solution
		Calculating the pH of a Strong Base Solution
		Calculating the pH of a Weak Acid Solution
		Calculating the pH of a Weak Base Solution
		pH of Salt Solutions
		Salts of Strong Acids/Bases
		Salts of Weak Acids
		Salts of Weak Bases
		Extreme Concentrations
	Other Acidic Species
	Buffers
		Calculating the pH of a Buffer
		Dilution of Buffer Solutions
		Buffer Capacity
		Alpha Plots
	Summary
	Review Questions for Acids and Bases
Chapter 10: Electricity and Electrical Safety
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Electricity and Electrical Charge
		Charge
		Coulomb’s Law
		Electric Field
		Electric Potential Energy
		Electric Potential
		Electric Current
	Ohm’s Law and Electrical Circuits
		Electrical Conductors and Insulators
		Resistance
		Conductance
		Electrical Diagrams
		Series Circuits
		Parallel Circuits
		Electrical Power
		Electrical Energy
	Semiconductors
		p-Type Semiconductors
		n-Type Semiconductors
		Diodes
		Triodes
	Spectroscopy
		Instrumentation
		Beer’s Law
		Electrical Safety
		Electrical Shock
		Macroshock Versus Microshock
		Fuses and Circuit Breakers
		Polarized Plugs
		Three-Pronged Grounded Plugs
		Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
		Ungrounded Systems
		Line Isolation Monitors
		Electrosurgery
	Summary
	Review Questions for Electricity
Chapter 11: Classes of Organic Compounds
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Functional Groups
	Hydrocarbon Functional Groups
		Alkanes
		Bond-Line Structures (Molecular Graphs)
		Alkyl Groups
		Organic Nomenclature: IUPAC Rules
		Cycloalkanes
		Saturated Compounds
	Alkenes
		Cis/Trans Isomerism
		Reactions of Alkenes
		Alkynes
		Aromatics
	Organohalogen Compounds
	Functional Groups Based on Water
		Alcohols
		Ethers
	Amines
	Carbonyl Functional Groups
		Aldehydes
		Ketones
		Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
		Carboxylic Acids
		Esters
		Amides
	Summary
	Review Question for Organic Compounds
Chapter 12: Biochemistry
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Biomolecules
	Carbohydrates
	Fischer Projections
		Chirality
		Optical Activity
		D-Sugars and L-Sugars
		The D-Aldohexoses
		Fructose
		D-Aldopentoses
		A Mnemonic to Learn the Structures of the Aldose Sugars
		Cyclic Structures of Sugars
		Glycoside Bonds
		Some Common Disaccharides
		Polysaccharides
	Lipids
		Glycerides
		Fatty Acids
		Triglycerides
		Saponification
		Phospholipids
		Steroids
		Prostaglandins
	Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Fatty Acids
	Proteins and Amino Acids
		Amino Acids
		Side Chains
		Stereochemistry of Amino Acids
		Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids
		The Isoelectric Point
		Electrophoresis
		The Peptide Bond
		Primary Structure of Proteins
		Secondary Structure of Proteins
		Tertiary Structure of Proteins
		The Folding Problem
		Denaturing Proteins
		Enzymes
	Nucleic Acids
		DNA
		2-Deoxyribose
		Nucleosides: Adding the Nitrogenous Bases
		Nucleotides: Adding the Phosphate Group
		Forming the DNA Strand
		Base Pairing
		Double-Stranded Helix
		RNA
		Ribose
		RNA Nucleosides
		Base Pairing
		Forming the RNA Strand
		m-RNA and t-RNA
		Protein Synthesis
		Transcription
		Translation
	Summary
	Review Questions for Biochemistry
Chapter 13: Radiation and Radioactivity
	Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View
	Radiation
		Conduction
		Convection
		Radiation
	Electromagnetic Radiation
		Production of Electromagnetic Waves
		Wave Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
		Particle Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
	Radioactive Materials—An Introduction
		Law of Energy Conservation Revisited
		Some Important Terminology
	Radioactivity
	Radioactive Decay
		Alpha Decay
		Beta Decay
		Beta-Minus Decay
		Positron Decay
		Electron Capture Decay
		Gamma-Ray Emission
		Internal Conversion
	Decay Rate
	Half-Life
	Ionizing Radiation Versus Nonionizing Radiation
	Sources of Radioactive Materials
	Radiation Exposure
		The Roentgen—A Unit of Radiation Exposure
		Units of Absorbed Dose
		Units of Dose Equivalent
	Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biological Systems
	Medical Uses of Radionuclides (Nuclear Medicine)
		Diagnostic Uses
		Therapeutic Uses
	Working With Radioactive Materials
		Generally Accepted Practices
		Monitoring Occupational Exposure
	Summary
	Review Questions for Radiation and Radioactivity
Chapter 14: Problem-Solving Skills and Answers to Review Questions
	Using Your Calculator
	Unit Conversions and the Use of Conversion Factors
		The SI Prefixes—Two Sets of Conversion Factors?
	A Simple Problem-Solving Methodology
		Example Problem 1
		Example Problem 2
		Example Problem 3
	Step-by-Step Solutions to End-of-Chapter Problems
	Chapter 1: Measurement
	Chapter 2: A Review of Some Chemistry Basics
	Chapter 3: Basics of Physics Part 1 (Force and Pressure)
	Chapter 4: Basics of Physics Part 2 (Work, Energy, and Power)
	Chapter 5: Fluids
	Chapter 6: The Gas Laws
	Chapter 7: States of Matter and Changes of State
	Chapter 8: Solutions and Their Behavior
	Chapter 9: Acids, Bases, and Buffers
	Chapter 10: Electricity and Electrical Safety
	Chapter 11: Classes of Organic Compounds
	Chapter 12: Biochemistry
	Chapter 13: Radiation and Radioactivity
Comprehensive List of Equations
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
Formulas and Constants
Glossary
Supplemental References
	Anesthesia
	Physics
	Chemistry
	Radioactivity
Index