Chemistry

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Brief Contents
Contents
List of Applications
List of Videos
Preface
Instructor and Student Resources
A Note to the Student
Measurement and the Properties of Matter
	1.1 Chemistry: The Study of a Science for the Twenty-First Century
	1.2 The Scientific Method
	Chemistry in Action
	The Search for the Higgs Boson
	1.3 Measurement
	Chemistry in Action
	The Importance of Units
	1.4 Handling Numbers
	1.5 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems
	1.6 Real-World Problem Solving: Information, Assumptions, and Simplifications
	1.7 Classifications of Matter
	1.8 The Three Common States of Matter
	1.9 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
	2.1 The Atomic Theory
	2.2 The Structure of the Atom
	2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
	2.4 The Periodic Table
	Chemistry in Action
	Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems
	2.5 Molecules and Ions
	2.6 Chemical Formulas
	2.7 Naming Compounds
	2.8 Introduction to Organic Compounds
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equation
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
	3.1 Atomic Mass
	3.2 Avogadro’s Number and the Molar Mass of an Element
	3.3 Molecular Mass
	3.4 The Mass Spectrometer
	3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds
	3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas
	3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
	3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products
	3.9 Limiting Reactants
	3.10 Reaction Yield and Atom Economy
	Chemistry in Action
	Chemical Fertilizers
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
	4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions
	4.2 Precipitation Reactions
	Chemistry in Action
	An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction
	4.3 Acid-Base Reactions
	4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
	Chemistry in Action
	Breathalyzer
	4.5 Concentration of Solutions
	4.6 Gravimetric Analysis
	4.7 Titrations
	Chemistry in Action
	Metal from the Sea
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Gases
	5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases
	5.2 Pressure of a Gas
	5.3 The Gas Laws
	5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation
	5.5 Gas Stoichiometry
	5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
	Chemistry in Action
	Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
	5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
	Chemistry in Action
	Super Cold Atoms
	5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Thermochemistry
	6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy
	6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
	6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics
	Chemistry in Action
	Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire
	6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions
	6.5 Calorimetry
	Chemistry in Action
	White Fat Cells, Brown Fat Cells, and a Potential Cure for Obesity
	6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction
	Chemistry in Action
	How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself
	6.7 Heat of Solution and Dilution
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
	7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory
	7.2 The Photoelectric Effect
	7.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
	Chemistry in Action
	Laser—The Splendid Light
	7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron
	Chemistry in Action
	Electron Microscopy
	7.5 Quantum Mechanics
	7.6 Quantum Numbers
	7.7 Atomic Orbitals
	7.8 Electron Configuration
	7.9 The Building-Up Principle
	Chemistry in Action
	Quantum Dots
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Periodic Relationships Among the Elements
	8.1 Development of the Periodic Table
	8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements
	8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties
	Chemistry in Action
	The Third Liquid Element?
	8.4 Ionization Energy
	8.5 Electron Affinity
	8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements
	Chemistry in Action
	Discovery of the Noble Gases
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equation
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Compounds and Bonding
	9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols
	9.2 The Ionic Bond
	9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds
	Chemistry in Action
	Sodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound
	9.4 The Covalent Bond
	9.5 Electronegativity
	9.6 Writing Lewis Structures
	9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure
	9.8 The Concept of Resonance
	9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
	Chemistry in Action
	Just Say NO
	9.10 Bond Enthalpy
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equation
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Structure and Bonding Theories
	10.1 Molecular Geometry
	10.2 Dipole Moments
	Chemistry in Action
	Microwave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work
	10.3 Valence Bond Theory
	10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
	10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds
	10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory
	10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations
	10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals
	Chemistry in Action
	Buckyball, Anyone?
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
	11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids
	11.2 Intermolecular Forces
	11.3 Properties of Liquids
	Chemistry in Action
	A Very Slow Pitch
	Chemistry in Action
	Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down?
	11.4 Crystal Structure
	11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals
	11.6 Types of Crystals
	Chemistry in Action
	High-Temperature Superconductors
	Chemistry in Action
	And All for the Want of a Button
	11.7 Amorphous Solids
	11.8 Phase Changes
	11.9 Phase Diagrams
	Chemistry in Action
	Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers, and Ice Skating
	Chemistry in Action
	Liquid Crystals
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Physical Properties of Solutions
	12.1 Types of Solutions
	12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process
	12.3 Concentration Units
	12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility
	12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases
	Chemistry in Action
	The Killer Lake
	12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
	12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
	Chemistry in Action
	Dialysis
	12.8 Colloids
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Chemical Kinetics
	13.1 The Rate of a Reaction
	13.2 Rate Laws
	13.3 The Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time
	Chemistry in Action
	Radiocarbon Dating
	13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants
	13.5 Reaction Mechanisms
	13.6 Catalysis
	Chemistry in Action
	Pharmacokinetics
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Chemical Equilibrium
	14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant
	14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions
	14.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
	14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?
	14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium
	Chemistry in Action
	Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production
	Chemistry in Action
	The Haber Process
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Acids and Bases
	15.1 Brønsted Acids and Bases
	15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water
	15.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity
	Chemistry in Action
	Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach
	15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases
	15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants
	15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants
	15.7 The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases
	15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids
	15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids
	15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
	15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides
	15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria
	16.1 The Common Ion Effect
	16.2 Buffer Solutions
	Chemistry in Action
	Maintaining the pH of Blood
	16.3 Acid-Base Titrations
	16.4 Acid-Base Indicators
	16.5 Solubility Equilibria
	16.6 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation
	16.7 Factors Affecting Solubility
	Chemistry in Action
	How an Eggshell Is Formed
	16.8 Solubility and Qualitative Analysis
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Entropy, Gibbs Energy, and Equilibrium
	17.1 Spontaneous Processes
	17.2 Entropy
	17.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
	17.4 Gibbs Energy
	Chemistry in Action
	The Efficiency of Heat Engines
	Chemistry in Action
	The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band
	17.5 Gibbs Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
	17.6 Thermodynamics in Living Systems
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Electrochemistry
	18.1 Redox Reactions
	18.2 Galvanic Cells
	18.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
	18.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions
	18.5 The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf
	18.6 Batteries and Fuel Cells
	Chemistry in Action
	Bacteria Power
	18.7 Corrosion
	Chemistry in Action
	Dental Filling Discomfort
	18.8 Electrolysis
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Nuclear Chemistry
	19.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions
	19.2 Nuclear Stability
	19.3 Natural Radioactivity
	19.4 Nuclear Transmutation
	19.5 Nuclear Fission
	Chemistry in Action
	Nature’s Own Fission Reactor
	19.6 Nuclear Fusion
	19.7 Uses of Isotopes
	19.8 Biological Effects of Radiation
	Chemistry in Action
	Food Irradiation
	Chemistry in Action
	Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equations
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Chemistry in the Atmosphere
	20.1 Earth’s Atmosphere
	20.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere
	20.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere
	20.4 Volcanoes
	20.5 The Greenhouse Effect
	20.6 Acid Rain
	20.7 Photochemical Smog
	20.8 Indoor Pollution
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals
	21.1 Occurrence of Metals
	21.2 Metallurgical Processes
	21.3 Band Theory of Electrical Conductivity
	21.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties
	21.5 The Alkali Metals
	21.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals
	21.7 Aluminum
	Chemistry in Action
	Recycling Aluminum
	21.8 Iron and Copper
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds
	22.1 General Properties of Nonmetals
	22.2 Hydrogen
	Chemistry in Action
	Metallic Hydrogen
	22.3 Carbon
	Chemistry in Action
	Synthetic Gas from Coal
	22.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus
	Chemistry in Action
	Ammonium Nitrate—The Explosive Fertilizer
	22.5 Oxygen and Sulfur
	22.6 The Halogens
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Coordination Chemistry
	23.1 Properties of the Transition Metals
	23.2 Coordination Compounds
	23.3 Structure of Coordination Compounds
	23.4 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory
	23.5 Reactions of Coordination Compounds
	23.6 Applications of Coordination Compounds
	Chemistry in Action
	Coordination Compounds in Living Systems
	Chemistry in Action
	Cisplatin—The Anticancer Drug
	Chapter Summary
	Key Equation
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Organic Chemistry
	24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds
	24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
	Chemistry in Action
	Ice That Burns
	24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	24.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups
	Chemistry in Action
	The Petroleum Industry
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers
	25.1 Properties of Polymers
	25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers
	25.3 Proteins
	Chemistry in Action
	Sickle Cell Anemia—A Molecular Disease
	25.4 Nucleic Acids
	Chemistry in Action
	DNA Fingerprinting
	Chapter Summary
	Key Words
	Questions & Problems
Periodic Table
Appendix 1 Units for the Gas Constant
Appendix 2 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25°C
Appendix 3 Dissociation Constants for Weak Acids and Bases at 25°C
Appendix 4 Solubility Product Constants at 25°C
Appendix 5 Mathematical Operations
Appendix 6 Fundamental Constants, Useful Conversion Factors, and SI Prefixes
Appendix 7 Color Codes for Molecular Models
Glossary
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems
Index