Chemistry, Tenth Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
About the Author......Page 4
Brief Contents......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
List of Applications......Page 19
List of Animations......Page 21
Preface......Page 22
Tools for Success......Page 29
A Note to the Student......Page 33
1. Chemistry: The Study of Change......Page 35
1.1 Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century......Page 37
1.2 The Study of Chemistry......Page 40
1.3 The Scientific Method......Page 41
1.4 Classifications of Matter......Page 43
1.5 The Three States of Matter......Page 46
1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter......Page 47
1.7 Measurement......Page 49
CHEMISTRY in Action The Importance of Units......Page 54
1.8 Handling Numbers......Page 55
1.9 Dimensional Analysis in Solving Problems......Page 60
Key Words......Page 64
Questions and Problems......Page 65
Chemical Mystery: The disappearance of the Dinosaurs......Page 71
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions......Page 73
2.1 The Atomic Theory......Page 75
2.2 The Structure of the Atom......Page 76
2.3 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes......Page 82
2.4 The Periodic Table......Page 84
CHEMISTRY in Action Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems......Page 85
2.5 Molecules and Ions......Page 86
2.6 Chemical Formulas......Page 88
2.7 Naming Compounds......Page 92
2.8 Introduction to Organic Compounds......Page 101
Key Words......Page 103
Questions and Problems......Page 104
3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions......Page 111
3.1 Atomic Mass......Page 113
3.2 Avogadro\'s Number and Molar Mass of an Element......Page 114
3.3 Molecular Mass......Page 118
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds......Page 121
3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas......Page 125
3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations......Page 127
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products......Page 132
3.9 Limiting Reagents......Page 136
3.10 Reaction Yield......Page 139
CHEMISTRY in Action Chemical Fertilizers......Page 141
Key Words......Page 142
Questions and Problems......Page 143
4. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions......Page 153
4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions......Page 155
4.2 Precipitation Reactions......Page 157
4.3 Acid-Base Reactions......Page 162
4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions......Page 168
CHEMISTRY in Action Breathalyzer......Page 179
4.5 Concentration of Solutions......Page 180
4.6 Gravimetric Analysis......Page 184
4.7 Acid-Base Titrations......Page 186
4.8 Redox Titrations......Page 189
CHEMISTRY in Action Metal from the Sea......Page 191
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 192
Questions and Problems......Page 193
CHEMICAL Mystery Who Killed Napoleon?......Page 203
5. Gases......Page 205
5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases......Page 207
5.2 Pressure of a Gas......Page 208
5.3 The Gas Laws......Page 212
5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation......Page 218
5.5 Gas Stoichiometry......Page 227
5.6 Dalton\'s Law of Partial Pressures......Page 229
CHEMISTRY in Action Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws......Page 235
5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases......Page 234
CHEMISTRY in Action Super Cold Atoms......Page 243
5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior......Page 244
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 247
Questions and Problems......Page 248
CHEMICAL Mystery Out of Oxygen......Page 259
6. Thermochemistry......Page 261
6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy......Page 263
6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions......Page 264
6.3 Introduction to Thermodynamics......Page 266
6.4 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions......Page 272
6.5 Calorimetry......Page 278
CHEMISTRY in Action Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances......Page 284
6.6 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction......Page 285
CHEMISTRY in Action How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself......Page 290
6.7 Heat of Solution and Dilution......Page 291
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 294
Questions and Problems......Page 295
CHEMICAL Mystery The Exploding Tire......Page 305
7. Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms......Page 307
7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory......Page 309
7.2 The Photoelectric Effect......Page 313
7.3 Bohr\'s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom......Page 315
7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron......Page 321
CHEMISTRY in Action Electron Microscopy......Page 325
7.5 Quantum Mechanics......Page 326
7.6 Quantum Numbers......Page 327
7.7 Atomic Orbitals......Page 330
7.8 Electron Configuration......Page 333
7.9 The Building-Up Principle......Page 340
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 344
Questions and Problems......Page 345
CHEMICAL Mystery Discovery of Helium and the Rise and Fall of Coronium......Page 353
8. Periodic Relationships Among the Elements......Page 355
8.1 Development of the Periodic Table......Page 357
8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements......Page 359
8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties......Page 363
8.4 Ionization Energy......Page 370
8.5 Electron Affinity......Page 374
8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements......Page 377
CHEMISTRY in Action Discovery of the Noble Gases......Page 388
Questions and Problems......Page 389
9. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts......Page 397
9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols......Page 399
9.2 The Ionic Bond......Page 400
9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds......Page 402
CHEMISTRY in Action Sodium ChlorideƒA Common and Important Ionic Compound......Page 406
9.4 The Covalent Bond......Page 407
9.5 Electronegativity......Page 410
9.6 Writing Lewis Structures......Page 413
9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure......Page 416
9.8 The Concept of Resonance......Page 419
9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule......Page 422
CHEMISTRY in Action Just Say NO......Page 426
9.10 Bond Enthalpy......Page 427
Key Words......Page 432
Questions and Problems......Page 433
10. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals......Page 441
10.1 Molecular Geometry......Page 443
10.2 Dipole Moment......Page 453
10.3 Valance Bond Theory......Page 457
10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals......Page 461
10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds......Page 470
10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory......Page 473
10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations......Page 476
10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals......Page 481
CHEMISTRY in Action Buckyball, Anyone?......Page 483
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 485
Questions and Problems......Page 486
11. Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids......Page 493
11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids......Page 495
11.2 Intermolecular Forces......Page 496
11.3 Properties of Liquids......Page 502
CHEMISTRY in Action Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down?......Page 506
11.4 Crystal Structure......Page 505
11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals......Page 513
11.6 Types of Crystals......Page 515
11.7 Amorphous Solids......Page 519
CHEMISTRY in Action And All for Want of a Button......Page 521
11.8 Phase Changes......Page 522
11.9 Phase Diagrams......Page 531
CHEMISTRY in Action Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop, Pressure Cookers, and Ice Skating......Page 533
CHEMISTRY in Action Liquid Crystals......Page 534
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 536
Questions and Problems......Page 537
12. Physical Properties of Solutions......Page 545
12.1 Types of Solutions......Page 547
12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process......Page 548
12.3 Concentration Units......Page 550
12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility......Page 554
12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases......Page 557
12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions......Page 559
12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions......Page 572
12.8 Colloids......Page 574
Key Words......Page 578
Questions and Problems......Page 579
CHEMICAL Mystery The Wrong Knife......Page 587
13. Chemical Kinetics......Page 589
13.1 The Rate of a Reaction......Page 591
13.2 The Rate Law......Page 598
13.3 The Relation Between Reactant Concentration and Time......Page 602
CHEMISTRY in Action Determining the Age of the Shroud of Turin......Page 613
13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants......Page 615
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms......Page 621
CHEMISTRY in Action Femtochemistry......Page 626
13.6 Catalysis......Page 627
Key Equations......Page 634
Questions and Problems......Page 635
14. Chemical Equilibrium......Page 647
14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant......Page 649
14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions......Page 651
14.3 The Relationship Between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium......Page 663
14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us?......Page 665
14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium......Page 671
CHEMISTRY in Action Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production......Page 678
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 679
Key Words......Page 680
Questions and Problems......Page 681
15. Acids and Bases......Page 691
15.1 Brønsted Acids and Bases......Page 693
15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water......Page 694
15.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity......Page 696
15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases......Page 699
15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants......Page 703
15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants......Page 711
15.7 The Relationship Between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases......Page 713
15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids......Page 714
15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids......Page 718
15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts......Page 722
15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides......Page 728
15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases......Page 730
CHEMISTRY in Action Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach......Page 731
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 734
Questions and Problems......Page 735
CHEMICAL Mystery Decaying Papers......Page 743
16. Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria......Page 745
16.2 The Common Ion Effect......Page 747
16.3 Buffer Solutions......Page 750
CHEMISTRY in Action Maintaining the pH of Blood......Page 757
16.4 Acid-Base Titrations......Page 756
16.5 Acid-Base Indicators......Page 765
16.6 Solubility Equilibria......Page 768
16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation......Page 775
16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility......Page 777
16.9 pH and Solubility......Page 779
16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility......Page 782
CHEMISTRY in Action How an Eggshell Is Formed......Page 786
16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle to Qualitative Analysis......Page 787
Key Equations......Page 789
Questions and Problems......Page 790
CHEMICAL Mystery A Hard-Boiled Snack......Page 799
17. Chemistry in the Atmosphere......Page 801
17.1 Earth\'s Atmosphere......Page 803
17.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere......Page 806
17.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere......Page 808
17.4 Volcanoes......Page 813
17.5 The Greenhouse Effect......Page 814
17.6 Acid Rain......Page 818
17.7 Photochemical Smog......Page 822
17.8 Indoor Pollution......Page 824
Questions and Problems......Page 827
18. Entropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium......Page 833
18.2 Spontaneous Processes......Page 835
18.3 Entropy......Page 836
18.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 841
18.5 Gibbs Free Energy......Page 847
18.6 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium......Page 854
CHEMISTRY in Action The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band......Page 859
18.7 Thermodynamics in Living Systems......Page 858
Key Words......Page 861
Questions and Problems......Page 862
19. Electrochemistry......Page 869
19.1 Redox Reactions......Page 871
19.2 Galvanic Cells......Page 874
19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials......Page 876
19.4 Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions......Page 882
19.5 The Effect of Concentration of Cell Emf......Page 885
19.6 Batteries......Page 890
CHEMISTRY in Action Bacteria Power......Page 894
19.7 Corrosion......Page 895
19.8 Electrolysis......Page 899
CHEMISTRY in Action Dental Filling Discomfort......Page 904
Key Equations......Page 905
Questions and Problems......Page 906
CHEMICAL Mystery Tainted Water......Page 915
20. Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals......Page 917
20.2 Metallurgical Processes......Page 919
20.3 Band Theory of Electrical Conductivity......Page 927
20.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties......Page 929
20.5 The Alkali Metals......Page 930
20.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals......Page 934
20.7 Aluminum......Page 936
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 939
Key Words......Page 940
Questions and Problems......Page 941
21. Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds......Page 945
21.2 Hydrogen......Page 947
CHEMISTRY in Action Metallic Hydrogen......Page 952
21.3 Carbon......Page 953
CHEMISTRY in Action Synthetic Gas from Coal......Page 956
21.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus......Page 957
CHEMISTRY in Action Ammonium NitrateƒThe Explosive Fertilizer......Page 964
21.5 Oxygen and Sulfur......Page 965
21.6 The Halogens......Page 972
Key Words......Page 979
Questions and Problems......Page 980
22. Transition Metals Chemistry and Coordination Compounds......Page 985
22.1 Properties of the Transition Metals......Page 987
22.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper......Page 990
22.3 Coordination Compounds......Page 992
22.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds......Page 997
22.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Crystal Field Theory......Page 1000
22.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds......Page 1006
22.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds......Page 1007
Summary of Facts and Concepts......Page 1009
Key Words......Page 1011
Questions and Problems......Page 1012
CHEMICAL Mystery Dating Paintings with Prussian Blue......Page 1017
23. Nuclear Chemistry......Page 1019
23.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions......Page 1021
23.2 Nuclear Stability......Page 1023
23.3 Natural Radioactivity......Page 1028
23.4 Nuclear Transmutation......Page 1032
23.5 Nuclear Fission......Page 1034
CHEMISTRY in Action Nature\'s Own Fission Reactor......Page 1039
23.6 Nuclear Fusion......Page 1040
23.7 Uses of Isotopes......Page 1043
23.8 Biological Effects of Radiation......Page 1045
CHEMISTRY in Action Food Irradiation......Page 1047
Key Equations......Page 1048
Questions and Problems......Page 1049
CHEMICAL Mystery The Art Forgery of the Twentieth Century......Page 1055
24. Organic Chemistry......Page 1057
24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons......Page 1059
CHEMISTRY in Action Ice That Burns......Page 1071
24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 1072
24.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups......Page 1075
CHEMISTRY in Action The Petroleum Industry......Page 1081
Key Words......Page 1084
Questions and Problems......Page 1085
CHEMICAL Mystery The Disappearing Fingerprints......Page 1091
25. Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymers......Page 1093
25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers......Page 1095
25.3 Proteins......Page 1100
CHEMISTRY in Action Sickle Cell AnemiaƒA Molecular Disease......Page 1107
25.4 Nucleic Acids......Page 1109
CHEMISTRY in Action DNA Fingerprinting......Page 1112
Key Words......Page 1113
Questions and Problems......Page 1114
CHEMICAL Mystery A Story That Will Curl Your Hair......Page 1117
1 Derivation of the Names of Elements......Page 1120
2 Units for the Gas Constant......Page 1126
3 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25°C......Page 1127
4 Mathematical Operations......Page 1132
Glossary......Page 1134
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems......Page 1144
Credits......Page 1154
INDEX......Page 1158
Back Cover......Page 1170