Chemistry, Loose-Leaf Version

Cover
Contents
To the Professor
To the Student
About the Authors
Ch 1: Chemical Foundations
	1.1 Chemistry: An Overview
	1.2 The Scientific Method
	1.3 Units of Measurement
	1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement
	1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations
	1.6 Learning to Solve Problems Systematically
	1.7 Dimensional Analysis
	1.8 Temperature
	1.9 Density
	1.10 Classification of Matter
	For Review
Ch 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
	2.1 The Early History of Chemistry
	2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws
	2.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory
	2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
	2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
	2.6 Molecules and Ions
	2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table
	2.8 Naming Simple Compounds
	For Review
Ch 3: Stoichiometry
	3.1 Counting by Weighing
	3.2 Atomic Masses
	3.3 The Mole
	3.4 Molar Mass
	3.5 Learning to Solve Problems
	3.6 Percent Composition of Compounds
	3.7 Determining the Formula of a Compound
	3.8 Chemical Equations
	3.9 Balancing Chemical Equations
	3.10 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
	3.11 The Concept of Limiting Reactant
	For Review
Ch 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
	4.1 Water, the Common Solvent
	4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
	4.3 The Composition of Solutions
	4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
	4.5 Precipitation Reactions
	4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution
	4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions
	4.8 Acid-Base Reactions
	4.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
	4.10 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
	4.11 Simple Oxidation-Reduction Titrations
	For Review
Ch 5: Gases
	5.1 Pressure
	5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro
	5.3 The Ideal Gas Law
	5.4 Gas Stoichiometry
	5.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
	5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
	5.7 Effusion and Diffusion
	5.8 Real Gases
	5.9 Characteristics of Several Real Gases
	5.10 Chemistry in the Atmosphere
	For Review
Ch 6: Thermochemistry
	6.1 The Nature of Energy
	6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry
	6.3 Hess's Law
	6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
	6.5 Present Sources of Energy
	6.6 New Energy Sources
	For Review
Ch 7: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
	7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
	7.2 The Nature of Matter
	7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
	7.4 The Bohr Model
	7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
	7.6 Quantum Numbers
	7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies
	7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle
	7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms
	7.10 The History of the Periodic Table
	7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table
	7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
	7.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals
	For Review
Ch 8: Bonding: General Concepts
	8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
	8.2 Electronegativity
	8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
	8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes
	8.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds
	8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
	8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model
	8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
	8.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model
	8.10 Lewis Structures
	8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
	8.12 Resonance
	8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
	For Review
Ch 9: Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
	9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model
	9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model
	9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
	9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
	9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models
	For Review
Ch 10: Liquids and Solids
	10.1 Intermolecular Forces
	10.2 The Liquid State
	10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids
	10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals
	10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids
	10.6 Molecular Solids
	10.7 Ionic Solids
	10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State
	10.9 Phase Diagrams
	For Review
Ch 11: Properties of Solutions
	11.1 Solution Composition
	11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation
	11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility
	11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions
	11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
	11.6 Osmotic Pressure
	11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
	11.8 Colloids
	For Review
Ch 12: Chemical Kinetics
	12.1 Reaction Rates
	12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction
	12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law
	12.4 The Integrated Rate Law
	12.5 Reaction Mechanisms
	12.6 A Model for Chemical Kinetics
	12.7 Catalysis
	For Review
Ch 13: Chemical Equilibrium
	13.1 The Equilibrium Condition
	13.2 The Equilibrium Constant
	13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures
	13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria
	13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant
	13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems
	13.7 Le Chatelier's Principle
	For Review
Ch 14: Acids and Bases
	14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases
	14.2 Acid Strength
	14.3 The pH Scale
	14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
	14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions
	14.6 Bases
	14.7 Polyprotic Acids
	14.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
	14.9 The Effect of Structure on Acid-Base Properties
	14.10 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides
	14.11 The Lewis Acid-Base Model
	14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary
	For Review
Ch 15: Acid-Base Equilibria
	15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
	15.2 Buffered Solutions
	15.3 Buffering Capacity
	15.4 Titrations and pH Curves
	15.5 Acid-Base Indicators
	15.6 Polyprotic Acid Titrations
	For Review
Ch 16: Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria
	16.1 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product
	16.2 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis
	16.3 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
	For Review
Ch 17: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy
	17.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy
	17.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
	17.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
	17.4 Free Energy
	17.5 Entropy Changes in Aqueous Solutions
	17.6 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
	17.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
	17.8 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure
	17.9 Free Energy and Equilibrium
	17.10 Free Energy and Work
	For Review
Ch 18: Electrochemistry
	18.1 Galvanic Cells
	18.2 Standard Reduction Potentials
	18.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy
	18.4 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration
	18.5 Batteries
	18.6 Corrosion
	18.7 Electrolysis
	18.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes
	For Review
Ch 19: The Nucleus: A Chemist's View
	19.1: Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
	19.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
	19.3 Nuclear Transformations
	19.4 Detection and Uses of Radioactivity
	19.5 Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus
	19.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
	19.7 Effects of Radiation
	For Review
Ch 20: The Representative Elements
	20.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements
	20.2 The Group 1A Elements
	20.3 The Chemistry of Hydrogen
	20.4 The Group 2A Elements
	20.5 The Group 3A Elements
	20.6 The Group 4A Elements
	20.7 The Group 5A Elements
	20.8 The Chemistry of Nitrogen
	20.9 The Chemistry of Phosphorus
	20.10 The Group 6A Elements
	20.11 The Chemistry of Oxygen
	20.12 The Chemistry of Sulfur
	20.13 The Group 7A Elements
	20.14 The Group 8A Elements
	For Review
Ch 21: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
	21.1 The Transition Metals: A Survey
	21.2 The First-Row Transition Metals
	21.3 Coordination Compounds
	21.4 Isomerism
	21.5 Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model
	21.6 The Crystal Field Model
	21.7 The Biological Importance of Coordination Complexes
	21.8 Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production
	For Review
Ch 22: Organic and Biological Molecules
	22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
	22.2 Alkenes and Alkynes
	22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	22.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
	22.5 Polymers
	22.6 Natural Polymers
	For Review
Appendix 1: Mathematical Procedures
Appendix 2: The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model
Appendix 3: Spectral Analysis
Appendix 4: Selected Thermodynamic Data
Appendix 5: Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials
Appendix 6: SI Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix 7: Molecular Spectroscopy: An Introduction
Answers to Selected Exercises
Index/Glossary