Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology of 1-3 Beta Glucans and Related Polysaccharides

Copyright\r......Page 2
In Memoriam......Page 3
Acknowledgements......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
References......Page 10
References......Page 13
References......Page 55
Introduction......Page 128
Curdlan......Page 129
The crdR regulatory gene......Page 132
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 160
Model Organisms......Page 162
Subcellular Localization of ?-Glucan Synthases and Preparation of Cell-Free Extracts......Page 163
Assay Conditions and Kinetic Parameters......Page 166
Divalent cations......Page 167
Nucleotides......Page 168
Activation by free and bound saccharides and requirement of a primer......Page 169
Other compounds affecting (1,3)-?-glucan synthase activities in vitro......Page 170
Purification of (1,3)-?-Glucan Synthases......Page 171
Product Characterization......Page 173
Molecular Biology of ?-Glucan Biosynthesis in Protozoans and Chromistans......Page 175
Acknowledgement......Page 176
References......Page 177
Introduction......Page 186
Cell Walls and ?-glucans in Yeast......Page 187
Catalytic Subunit......Page 188
Regulatory Subunit......Page 190
Factors involved in the regulation of glucan synthase activity via Rho1p......Page 191
Transcriptional Regulation of the FKS Genes......Page 192
Movement of Fks1p in the Plasma Membrane......Page 193
Glucan Synthesis in Spore Formation......Page 194
Cell Wall Integrity Checkpoint in Yeast......Page 196
Cross Talk in the Regulation of Other Cell Wall Components......Page 197
Glucan Synthase Inhibitors......Page 198
Biosynthetic Enzymes for (1-6)-?-Glucans......Page 199
References......Page 200
Introduction......Page 210
(1,3)-?-Glucans in Embryophytes......Page 211
The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucan in Embryophytes......Page 212
The GSL Proteins......Page 213
The GSL Gene Family......Page 215
Functional Analysis of GSL Genes......Page 221
Biochemical Identification of GSL Proteins......Page 223
Callose Synthase Complexes......Page 225
Regulation of Callose Synthesis......Page 230
The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Chlorophytes......Page 236
The Synthesis of (1,3)-?-Glucans in Rhodophytes......Page 238
Acknowledgements......Page 239
References......Page 240
References......Page 253
I.A. Introduction......Page 306
I.B. General Structural Properties of (1,3)-?-Glucan-Binding Proteins......Page 307
I.C. (1,3)-?-Glucan Structure......Page 309
I.D.a CBM4......Page 311
I.D.b. CBM6......Page 314
I.D.c CBM11......Page 317
I.D.d CBM17 and CBM22......Page 318
I.D.f. CBM43......Page 321
I.E.a CBM13......Page 323
I.E.b. Immunostimulatory Proteins: CBM39, GH16s and Dectin-1......Page 324
I.E.c. Structural Comparison of Sequence-Unrelated CBM ?-Glucan Binding Sites......Page 326
I.F. Overview......Page 327
References......Page 328
References......Page 334
Introduction......Page 348
Callose Localization in Pd and Sieve Plates......Page 350
Pd Regulation by Callose Turnover......Page 353
Wound response: is callose an artifact?......Page 355
Other abiotical stresses induce Pd callose......Page 356
Sieve plate pore development......Page 357
Definitive and dormancy callose......Page 358
Herbivorous attack......Page 360
Viral infection......Page 361
References......Page 363
Introduction......Page 373
Overview of Microgamete Development......Page 374
Meiosis to cytokinesis (stages 3–5)......Page 377
Released microspore II to bicellular pollen grains I (stages 8–10)......Page 378
Progamic phase: Pollen germination and pollen tube growth......Page 379
Functions for Callose During Microgamete Development......Page 381
Role of Callose in the Special Cell Wall......Page 382
Callose and its Role during Cytokinesis......Page 384
Role of Callose in Post-Meiotic Male Gamete Development......Page 388
Overview of Megagamete Development......Page 390
Megagamete Development in Arabidopsis......Page 391
Callose in Apomictic Embryo Sacs......Page 395
Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 396
Acknowledgements......Page 397
References......Page 398
References......Page 406
Callose in Biotic Stress (Pathogenesis)......Page 433
Callose in Plant–Fungi Interactions......Page 440
Callose in Plant–Bacteria Interactions......Page 445
Callose in Plant–virus Interactions......Page 447
Conclusions......Page 450
Acknowledgements......Page 451
References......Page 452
References......Page 470
References......Page 485
Introduction......Page 527
Occurrence......Page 528
Formation and Functional Roles......Page 531
Occurrence......Page 536
Adaptation to hypo-osmotic conditions......Page 537
Nodulation and N2-fixation......Page 538
Suppression of plant defence response......Page 540
Streptococcal Type 37 (1,3;1,2)-b-Glucan......Page 542
References......Page 543
Introduction......Page 553
Euglenophyceae......Page 554
Haptophyceae (Prymnesiophyceae)......Page 557
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)......Page 558
Chrysolaminarin......Page 559
Chrysophyceae (golden algae)......Page 564
Oomycota......Page 565
Mycolaminarin......Page 566
Cell wall polysaccharides......Page 567
Phaeophyceae (brown algae)......Page 568
Other classes......Page 571
References......Page 573
Fungal and Yeast (1,3)-?-Glucan Extracellular Polysaccharides......Page 586
(1,3)-?-Glucans in fungal cell walls......Page 587
Isolation of (1,3)-?-glucans from cell walls......Page 588
Structure and molecular organization of (1,3)-?-glucans in yeats and mould cell walls......Page 590
Structural variations......Page 595
Cell wall (1,3)-?-glucans and fungal taxonomy......Page 604
(1,3)-?-Glucans in Lichens......Page 605
Oomycete Cell Wall......Page 606
Storage (1,3)-?-glucans......Page 607
Conclusion......Page 608
Bibliography......Page 609
Introduction......Page 624
Fine Structure of (1,3;1,4)-?-D\r-Glucans......Page 627
Formation of Gel-Like Matrices in the Wall......Page 628
The effects of fine structure on biological function......Page 630
Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?\r-Glucans in Plants and Other Taxa......Page 632
Lichens and Fungi......Page 633
Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?\r-Glucans in Angiosperms......Page 635
Isolation and Analysis of the Walls of Specific Cell Types......Page 644
Location Using Immunocytochemistry......Page 645
Pearling and Chemical Analysis of Fractions......Page 646
Location of (1,3;1,4)-?\r-Glucans in Vegetative Organs of Poaceae......Page 637
Concentrations of (1,3;1,4)-?\r-Glucans in Whole Cereal Grains......Page 640
Effects of the Environment on (1,3;1,4)-?\r-Glucan Concentrations in Whole Grains......Page 642
Distribution of (1,3;1,4)-?-Glucans in the Cell Walls of Mature Grains......Page 643
Acknowledgements......Page 647
References......Page 648
References......Page 657
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