Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles

Front Cover......Page 1
Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 6
1.2 Classification of fibres......Page 24
1.3 Chemical composition, morphology and structure of cotton......Page 26
1.4 Natural protein fibres......Page 31
1.5 Long vegetable fibres......Page 39
1.6 Regenerated natural fibres......Page 45
1.7 Synthetic fibres......Page 50
1.8 Miscellaneous synthetic fibres......Page 61
References......Page 67
2.2 Inspection......Page 72
2.3 Sewing......Page 74
2.4 Mechanical cleaning of fabrics......Page 75
2.5 Singeing......Page 78
2.6 Process sequence......Page 88
3.1 Introduction......Page 92
3.2 Methods of desizing......Page 94
3.3 Desizing of synthetic fabrics and their blends......Page 100
3.4 Desizing machineries......Page 102
References......Page 107
4.1 Introduction......Page 109
4.2 Mechanism of removal of impurities......Page 110
4.3 Scouting of cotton in alkaline agents......Page 112
4.4 Surfactants......Page 117
4.5 Solvent scouring......Page 129
4.6 Scouring of raw wool......Page 130
4.7 Scouring wool yarn and fabric......Page 132
4.8 Carbonising of wool......Page 136
4.9 Degumming of silk......Page 137
4.10 Degumming of remie......Page 141
4.11 Scouring of linen......Page 142
4.13 Scouring of synthetic-polymer fibres......Page 143
4.14 Scouring of blended fibre fabrics......Page 148
References......Page 152
5.2 Batch type (rope) scouring machines......Page 155
5.3 Batch type (open-width) scouring machines......Page 158
5.5 Continuous scouring machines......Page 161
5.6 Wool scouring machines......Page 168
5.7 Silk degumming machines......Page 179
References......Page 181
6.1 Introduction......Page 183
6.2 Bleaching with hypochlorites......Page 184
6.3 Bleaching with peroxides......Page 191
6.4 Bleaching of wool with hydrogen peroxide......Page 196
6.5 Bleaching of silk with hydrogen peroxide......Page 201
6.6 Bleaching of synthetic fibres with peroxide......Page 203
6.7 Advantages and disadvantages of peroxide over hypochlorite bleaching......Page 204
6.8 Bleaching with sodium chlorite......Page 205
6.9 Bleaching with peracetic acid......Page 211
6.10 Reductive bleaching of wool......Page 215
6.11 Bleaching of silk with reducing agents......Page 217
6.12 Reductive bleaching of nylon......Page 218
6.14 Bleaching of jute......Page 219
6.15 Bleaching of linen......Page 224
6.16 Bleaching of blended fabrics......Page 226
6.17 Bleaching of cotton weft knitted fabrics......Page 232
References......Page 234
7.2 Batch bleaching process machineries......Page 240
7.3 Semi-continuous bleaching process machineries......Page 245
7.4 Continuous bleaching by J-Box systems......Page 247
7.5 Continuous open-width bleaching equipment......Page 253
7.6 Washing equipment......Page 263
References......Page 280
8.2 Thermal behaviour of synthetic fibres......Page 282
8.3 Stages of heat-setting......Page 283
8.4 Methods of heat-setting......Page 284
8.5 Heat-setting conditions for different kinds of fibres......Page 290
8.6 Heat-setting of blended fibre fabrics......Page 294
8.7 Effect of heat-setting on properties of synthetic fibres......Page 295
References......Page 300
9.2 Conditions for mercerization......Page 302
9.3 Changes in properties of cellulose on mercerization......Page 303
9.4 Mercerization of remie and flax fibres......Page 313
9.5 Mercerization of blended fibre fabrics......Page 314
9.6 Mercerizing machineries......Page 315
9.7 Hot mercerization......Page 329
9.8 Liquid ammonia mercerization......Page 332
References......Page 338
10.1 Introduction......Page 343
10.2 Chemical constitution of optical brighteners......Page 344
10.4 Factors influencing the functions of optical whiteners......Page 346
10.5 Application of optical brighteners......Page 348
References......Page 357
11.2 Combined scouring and desizing......Page 359
11.3 Combined scouring and bleaching......Page 360
11.4 Combined desizing, scouring and bleaching......Page 362
References......Page 365
12.2 Degradation of cotton during desizing......Page 367
12.3 Degradation of cotton during scouring......Page 369
12.4 Degradation of cotton during bleaching......Page 373
12.5 Damage of wool during pre-treatment processes......Page 377
12.6 Damage of silk during pre-treatment processes......Page 379
References......Page 380
13.1 Water consumption in textile industry......Page 383
13.2 Impurities in water......Page 384
13.3 Water purification......Page 386
13.4 Economy through energy conservation......Page 387
13.5 Economy through water conservation......Page 390
13.6 Economy through process modification......Page 391
13.7 Pollution aspects in pre-treatment processes of textiles......Page 393
13.8 Pollution load and pre-treatment processes......Page 397
13.9 Waste water treatment from pre-treatment plants......Page 403
13.10 Protective measures for ultra-violet radiation......Page 413
References......Page 414
14.2 The concept of plasma......Page 418
14.3 Generation of plasma and its action......Page 420
14.4 Surface modification of fabrics under plasma treatment......Page 430
14.5 High energy radiation of textiles......Page 435
References......Page 437
15.2 Enzymes for textile application......Page 441
15.3 Treatment of cotton with enzymes......Page 448
15.4 Treatment of protein fibres with enzyme......Page 455
15.5 Bio-technology and effluent treatment......Page 458
References......Page 459
16.2 Analysis of water......Page 464
16.3 Analysis of non-cellulosic residues......Page 466
16.4 Evaluation of wax content in cotton......Page 468
16.5 Evaluation of lubricants......Page 469
16.6 Determination of moisture content......Page 470
16.7 Tests and analyses of sizes......Page 471
16.8 Determination of the efficiency of scouring......Page 475
16.9 Testing and evaluation of bleaching agents......Page 476
16.10 Assessment of damage of cellulose......Page 481
16.11 Assessment of damage of wool......Page 486
16.12 Determination of degree of mercerization......Page 487
16.13 Evaluation of whitening efficiency of optical brighteners......Page 491
16.14 Determination of degree of heat-setting......Page 492
16.15 Determination of biodegradability of surfactants......Page 493
References......Page 495
Subject index......Page 498