Chemical synthesis and applications of graphene and carbon materials

Content: List of Contributors xi 1 Block Copolymer Templating as a Path to Porous Nanostructured Carbons with Highly Accessible Nitrogens for Enhanced (Electro)chemical Performance 1John P. McGann, Mingjiang Zhong, Eun Kyung Kim, Sittichai Natesakhawat, Mietek Jaroniec, Jay F. Whitacre, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, and Tomasz Kowalewski 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Electronic Properties of Graphene Edges 2 1.3 Edge Functionalization of Graphene 3 1.4 Block Copolymer Templating as a Path to High Surface Area N-Doped Carbons with Accessible Nitrogen-Containing Graphitic Edges 5 1.5 Evidence of Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Nitrogen-Rich Copolymer-Templated Mesoporous Carbons 8 1.6 CTNCs as CO2 Sorbents 12 1.7 Conclusions 13 2 Functional Carbon Materials from Ionic Liquid Precursors 21Jens Peter Paraknowitsch and Arne Thomas 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Ionic Liquids as Carbon Precursors 22 2.3 N-Doped Carbon Materials 23 2.4 From Ionic Liquids to Carbon Materials - Structural Development during Carbonization 25 2.5 N-Doped Carbon Materials from Ionic Liquid Precursors 26 2.6 Processing, Shaping, and Functionalization 30 2.7 Deep Eutectic Solvents - Supramolecular ILs for Carbon Materials 32 2.8 Applications of IL Derived Carbons 34 2.9 Conclusion 36 3 Functionalization of Graphene Oxide by Two-Step Alkylation 43Yi Huang, Weibo Yan, Yanfei Xu, Lu Huang, and Yongsheng Chen 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Results and Discussion 43 3.3 Conclusion 49 4 Toward Rationally Designed Graphene-Based Materials and Devices 53Yu Teng Liang and Mark C. Hersam 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Graphene Synthesis 54 4.3 Structure-Property Relationships 55 4.4 Graphene Separation 57 4.5 Graphene-Based Catalysis 59 4.6 Graphene Functionalization and Templating 61 4.7 Conclusion 62 5 Supramolecular Synthesis of Graphenic Mesogenic Materials 69Fei Guo and Robert Hurt 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Liquid Crystal Precursors and Phases 71 5.3 Methods for Directing Assembly 74 5.4 Graphenic Mesogenic Materials and their Applications 77 5.5 Comparison of Thermotropic and Lyotropic Assembly Routes 80 5.6 Outlook 81 6 Synthesis and Characterization of Hexahapto-Chromium Complexes of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 87Irina Kalinina, Elena Bekyarova, Santanu Sarkar, Mikhail E. Itkis, Sandip Niyogi, Neetu Jha, Qingxiao Wang, Xixiang Zhang, Yas Fadel Al-Hadeethi, and Robert C. Haddon 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Experimental Section 89 6.3 Results and Discussion 91 6.4 Raman Spectroscopy 102 6.5 Conclusions 110 7 Chemical Synthesis of Carbon Materials with Intriguing Nanostructure and Morphology 115An-Hui Lu, Guang-Ping Hao, Qiang Sun, Xiang-Qian Zhang, and Wen-Cui Li 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Zero-Dimensional Carbon Materials: Carbon Quantum Dots and Carbon Spheres 116 7.3 One-Dimensional (1D) Carbon Materials 129 7.4 Two-Dimensional (2D) Carbon Materials: Membranes and Films 131 7.5 Three-Dimensional (3D) Carbon Materials: Monoliths 135 7.6 Summary and Outlook 147 8 Novel Radiation-Induced Properties of Graphene and Related Materials 159Prashant Kumar, Barun Das, Basant Chitara, K. S. Subrahmanyam, H.S.S. Ramakrishna Matte, Urmimala Maitra, K. Gopalakrishnan, S. B. Krupanidhi, and C. N. R. Rao 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Radiation-Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide 159 8.3 Nanopatterning 163 8.4 Blue Emission from Graphene-Based Materials 167 8.5 Photothermal Effects in Laser-Induced Chemical Transformations 170 8.6 Graphene as an Infrared Photodetector 172 8.7 Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Ultraviolet Detector 178 8.8 Laser-Induced Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes to Yield Graphene Nanoribbons 178 8.9 Generation of Graphene and Other Inorganic Graphene Analogs by Laser-Induced Exfoliation in Dimethylformamide 180 8.10 Conclusion 184 9 Heterofullerenes: Doped Buckyballs 191Max von Delius and Andreas Hirsch 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 Heterofullerenes (CnXm), Azafullerenes (CnNm) and their Properties 191 9.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of Azafullerenes: An Overview 196 9.4 Recent Developments: Pentaadducts C59N(R)5, Synthetic Efforts Toward C58N2, Azafullerene Peapods, Endohedral Azametallofullerenes, and Application of Azafullerenes in Organic Solar Cells 200 9.5 Conclusions 210 10 Graphene-Inorganic Composites as Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 217Bin Wang, Bin Luo, Xianglong Li, and Linjie Zhi 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Graphene/0D Inorganic Composites for LIBs 220 10.3 Graphene/1D Inorganic Composites for LIBs 230 10.4 Graphene/2D Inorganic Composites for LIBs 234 10.5 Summary and Future Outlook 237 References 238 Index 251