Chemical Process Equipment, Third Edition: Selection and Design

Copyright Page......Page 2
Contents......Page 3
Preface to the First Edition......Page 6
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
Cooling Towers......Page 9
Distillation and Gas Absorption......Page 10
Evaporators......Page 11
Fluidization of Particles with
Gases......Page 12
Piping......Page 13
Utilities: Common Specifications......Page 14
Bibliography......Page 15
Categories of Engineering Practice......Page 16
Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices......Page 17
Material and Energy Balances......Page 18
Economic Balance......Page 19
Design Safety Factors......Page 21
Safety of Plant and Environment......Page 22
Steam and Power Supply......Page 23
Design Basis......Page 25
Laboratory and Pilot Plant Work......Page 27
References......Page 30
Process Flowsheets......Page 32
Drawing of Flowsheets......Page 34
References......Page 44
The Feedback Control Loop......Page 45
Control Loop Performance and Tuning Procedures......Page 47
Single Stream Control......Page 48
Unit Operation Control......Page 51
References......Page 65
Motors......Page 66
Steam Turbines and Gas Expanders......Page 67
Combustion Gas Turbines and Engines......Page 70
References......Page 73
Slurry Transport......Page 74
Pneumatic Conveying......Page 76
Mechanical Conveyors and Elevators......Page 81
Chutes......Page 89
Solids Feeders......Page 90
References......Page 94
Properties and Units......Page 96
Energy Balance of a
Flowing Fluid......Page 97
Liquids......Page 99
Pipeline Networks......Page 103
Optimum Pipe Diameter......Page 105
Non-Newtonian Liquids......Page 107
Gases......Page 113
Liquid-Gas Flow in
Pipelines......Page 116
Granular and Packed Beds......Page 118
Gas-Solid Transfer......Page 122
Fluidization of Beds of Particles with
Gases......Page 123
References......Page 130
Piping......Page 132
Pump Theory......Page 134
Pump Characteristics......Page 137
Criteria for Selection of Pumps......Page 139
Equipment for Gas Transport......Page 141
Theory and Calculations of Gas Compression......Page 150
Ejector and Vacuum Systems......Page 163
References......Page 170
Conduction of Heat......Page 172
Mean Temperature Difference......Page 174
Heat Transfer Coefficients......Page 176
Data of Heat Transfer Coefficients......Page 183
Types of Heat Exchangers......Page 186
Shell-and-Tube
Heat Exchangers......Page 192
Condensers......Page 198
Reboilers......Page 204
Evaporators......Page 209
Fired Heaters......Page 210
Insulation of Equipment......Page 222
Refrigeration......Page 225
References......Page 231
Interaction of Air and Water......Page 232
Rate of Drying......Page 235
Batch Dryers......Page 243
Continuous Tray and Conveyor Belt Dryers......Page 245
Rotary Cylindrical Dryers......Page 248
Drum Dryers for Solutions and Slurries......Page 255
Pneumatic Conveying Dryers......Page 256
Flash and Ring Dryers......Page 258
Fluidized Bed Dryers......Page 262
Spray Dryers......Page 268
Cooling Towers......Page 275
References......Page 284
A Basic Stirred Tank Design......Page 285
Vessel Flow Patterns......Page 287
Tank Blending......Page 289
Heat Transfer......Page 295
Vortex Depth......Page 296
Solid Suspension......Page 297
Solids Dissolving......Page 302
Gas-Liquid Dispersions......Page 303
Liquid-Liquid (L-L) Dispersions......Page 306
Pipeline Mixers......Page 311
Compartmented Columns......Page 315
Fast Competitive/Consecutive (C/C) Reactions......Page 323
Scale-Up......Page 329
References......Page 334
Processes and Equipment......Page 337
Theory of Filtration......Page 338
Resistance to
Filtration......Page 345
Thickening and Clarifying......Page 349
Laboratory Testing and Scale-Up......Page 350
Illustrations of Equipment......Page 351
Applications and Performance of Equipment......Page 363
References......Page 367
Screening......Page 368
Size Reduction......Page 375
Equipment for Size Reduction......Page 377
Particle Size Enlargement (Agglomeration)......Page 385
References......Page 403
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria......Page 405
Single-Stage Flash Calculations......Page 407
Evaporation or
Simple Distillation......Page 411
Binary Distillation......Page 412
Batch Distillation......Page 423
Multicomponent Separation: General Considerations......Page 426
Estimation of Reflux and Number of Trays (Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method)......Page 428
Separations in
Packed Towers......Page 431
Basis for Computer Evaluation of Multicomponent Separations......Page 437
Special Kinds of Distillation Processes......Page 445
Tray Towers......Page 459
Packed Towers......Page 465
Efficiences of Trays and Packings......Page 468
References......Page 489
Introduction......Page 491
Equilibrium Relations......Page 492
Calculation of Stage Requirements......Page 498
Countercurrent Operation......Page 501
Leaching of Solids......Page 505
Numerical Calculation of Multicomponent Extraction......Page 507
Equipment for Extraction......Page 511
References......Page 529
Adsorption and Ion Exchange
......Page 531
Adsorption Behavior in
Packed Beds......Page 536
Gas Adsorption Cycles......Page 541
Adsorption Design and Operating Practices......Page 544
Parametric Pumping......Page 545
Ion Exchange Design and Operating Practices......Page 547
Production Scale Chromatography......Page 549
Equipment and Processes......Page 550
References......Page 561
Crystallization from Solutions and Melts
......Page 563
Some General Crystallization Concepts......Page 564
Solubilities and Equilibria......Page 565
Crystal Size Distribution......Page 567
The Ideal Stirred Tank......Page 575
Kinds of Crystallizers......Page 579
Melt Crystallization and Purification......Page 585
References......Page 590
Rate Equations and Operating Modes......Page 591
Material and Energy Balances of Reactions......Page 596
Nonideal Flow Patterns......Page 597
Selection of Catalysts......Page 602
Types and Examples of Reactors......Page 608
Heat Transfer in
Reactors......Page 620
Classes of Reaction Processes and their
Equipment......Page 630
References......Page 649
Drums......Page 651
Liquid-Liquid Separators......Page 652
Gas-Liquid Separators......Page 653
Storage Tanks......Page 662
Mechanical Design of Process Vessels......Page 664
Bins and Hoppers......Page 669
References......Page 670
Membrane Processes......Page 672
Liquid-Phase Separations......Page 678
Membrane Materials and Applications......Page 679
Membrane Cells and Equipment Configurations......Page 681
Subquality Natural Gas......Page 682
The Enhancement of Separation......Page 685
Permeability Units......Page 688
Derivations and Calculations for Single-Stage Membrane Separations......Page 692
References......Page 698
Gas-Solid Separations......Page 700
Foam Separation and Froth Flotation......Page 708
Sublimation and Freeze Drying......Page 710
Separations by
Thermal Diffusion......Page 711
Electrochemical Syntheses......Page 713
Fermentation Processing......Page 720
References......Page 724
Costs of Individual Equipment
......Page 726
References......Page 735
Units, Notation, and General Data
......Page 736
Equipment Specification Forms
......Page 746
Questionnaires of Equipment Suppliers
......Page 792
Index
......Page 811
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