Chemical Principles in the Laboratory

Cover
Contents
Preface
Safety in the Laboratory
Experiment 1: The Densities of Liquids and Solids
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: The Densities of Liquids and Solids
	Advance Study Assignment: Densities of Solids and Liquids
Experiment 2: Resolution of Matter into Pure Substances, I. Paper Chromatography
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Resolution of Matter into Pure Substances, I. Paper Chromatography
	Advance Study Assignment: Resolution of Matter into Pure Substances, I. Paper Chromatography
Experiment 3: Resolution of Matter into Pure Substances, II. Fractional Crystallization
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Resolution of Matter into Pure Substances, II. Fractional Crystallization
	Advance Study Assignment: Resolution of Matter into Pure Substances, II. Fractional Crystallization
Experiment 4: Determination of a Chemical Formula
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Determination of a Chemical Formula
	Advance Study Assignment: Determination of a Chemical Formula
Experiment 5: Identification of a Compound by Mass Relationships
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Identification of a Compound by Mass Relationships
	Advance Study Assignment: Identification of a Compound by Mass Relationships
Experiment 6: Properties of Hydrates
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Properties of Hydrates
	Advance Study Assignment: Properties of Hydrates
Experiment 7: Analysis of an Unknown Chloride
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Analysis of an Unknown Chloride
	Advance Study Assignment: Analysis of an Unknown Chloride
Experiment 8: Verifying the Absolute Zero of Temperature - Determination of the Atmospheric Pressure
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Verifying the Absolute Zero of Temperature - Determination of the Atmospheric Pressure
	Advance Study Assignment: Verifying the Absolute Zero of Temperature - Determination of the Atmospheric Pressure
Experiment 9: Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid
	Advance Study Assignment: Molar Mass of a Volatile Liquid
Experiment 10: Analysis of an Aluminum-Zinc Alloy
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Analysis of an Aluminum-Zinc Alloy
	Advance Study Assignment: Analysis of an Aluminum-Zinc Alloy
Experiment 11: The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
	Data and Calculations: The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen: Energy Level Diagram
	Advance Study Assignment: The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
Experiment 12: The Alkaline Earths and the Halogens - Two Families in the Periodic Table
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: The Alkaline Earths and the Halogens
	Advance Study Assignment: The Alkaline Earths and the Halogens
Experiment 13: The Geometric Structure of Molecules - An Experiment Using Molecular Models
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: The Geometric Structure of Molecules
	Advance Study Assignment: The Geometric Structure of Molecules
Experiment 14: Heat Effects and Calorimetry
	Specific Heat Capacity
	Heat of Reaction
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Heat Effects and Calorimetry
	Advance Study Assignment: Heat Effects and Calorimetry
Experiment 15: The Vapor Pressure and Heat of Vaporization of a Liquid
	Experimental Procedure
	Calculating the Heat of Vaporization of the Liquid
	Data and Calculations: The Vapor Pressure and Heat of Vaporization of a Liquid
	Advance Study Assignment: Vapor Pressure and Heat of Vaporization of Liquids
Experiment 16: The Structure of Crystals - An Experiment Using Models
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: The Structure of Crystals
	Advance Study Assignment: The Structure of Crystals
Experiment 17: Classification of Chemical Substances
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Classification of Chemical Substances
	Advance Study Assignment: Classification of Chemical Substances
Experiment 18: Some Nonmetals and Their Compounds - Preparations and Properties
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Some Nonmetals and Their Compounds
	Advance Study Assignment: Some Nonmetals and Their Compounds
Experiment 19: Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the Freezing Point
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Molar Mass Determination by Depression of the Freezing Point
	Advance Study Assignment: Determination of Molar Mass by Depression of the Freezing Point
Experiment 20: Rates of Chemical Reactions, I. The Iodination of Acetone
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: The Iodination of Acetone
	Advance Study Assignment: The Iodination of Acetone
Experiment 21: Rates of Chemical Reactions, II. A Clock Reaction
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Rates of Chemical Reactions, II. A Clock Reaction
	Advance Study Assignment: Rates of Chemical Reactions, II. A Clock Reaction
Experiment 22: Properties of Systems in ChemicalEquilibrium - Le Chatelier's Principle
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Properties of Systems in Chemical Equilibrium
	Advance Study Assignment: Properties of Systems in Chemical Equilibrium
Experiment 23: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant for a Chemical Reaction
	Experimental Procedure
	Method I. Analysis by Spectrophotometric Measurement
	Method II. Analysis by Comparison with a Standard
	Data and Calculations: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant for a Chemical Reaction
	Advance Study Assignment: Determination of the Equilibrium Constant for a Chemical Reaction
Experiment 24: The Standardization of a Basic Solution and the Determination of the Molar Mass of an Acid
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: The Standardization of a Basic Solution and the Determination of the Molar Mass of an Acid
	Advance Study Assignment: Molar Mass of an Acid
Experiment 25: pH Measurements - Buffers and Their Properties
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: pH Measurements: Buffers and Their Properties
	Advance Study Assignment: pH Measurements - Buffers and Their Properties
Experiment 26: Determination of the Solubility Product of Ba(IO3)2
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: The Solubility Product of Ba(IO3)2
	Advance Study Assignment: Determination of the Solubility Product of Ba(IO3)2
Experiment 27: Relative Stabilities of Complex Ions and Precipitates Prepared from Solutions of Copper(II)
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Relative Stabilities of Complex Ions and Precipitates Prepared from Solutions of Copper(II)
	Advance Study Assignment: Relative Stabilities of Complex Ions and Precipitates Prepared from Solutions of Copper(II)
Experiment 28: Determination of the Hardness of Water
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Determination of the Hardness of Water
	Advance Study Assignment: Determination of the Hardness of Water
Experiment 29: Synthesis and Analysis of a Coordination Compound
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Synthesis and Analysis of a Coordination Compound
	Advance Study Assignment: Synthesis and Analysis of a Coordination Compound
Experiment 30: Determination of Iron by Reaction with Permanganate - A Redox Titration
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Determination of Iron by Reaction with Permanganate - A Redox Titration
	Advance Study Assignment: Determination of Iron by Reaction with Permanganate - A Redox Titration
Experiment 31: Determination of an Equivalent Mass by Electrolysis
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Determination of an Equivalent Mass by Electrolysis
	Advance Study Assignment: Determination of an Equivalent Mass by Electrolysis
Experiment 32: Voltaic Cell Measurements
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Voltaic Cell Measurements
	Advance Study Assignment: Voltaic Cell Measurements
Experiment 33: Preparation of Copper(I) Chloride
	Experimental Procedure
	Determination of the Formula of Copper(I) Chloride
	Data and Calculations: Preparation of Copper(I) Chloride
	Advance Study Assignment: Preparation of Copper(I) Chloride
Experiment 34: Development of a Scheme for Qualitative Analysis
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Development of a Scheme for Qualitative Analysis
	Advance Study Assignment: Development of a Scheme for Qualitative Analysis
Experiment 35: Spot Tests for Some Common Anions
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Spot Tests for Some Common Anions
	Advance Study Assignment: Spot Tests for Some Common Anions
Experiment 36: Qualitative Analysis of Group I Cations
	Experimental Procedure
	Flow Diagrams
	Observations and Analysis: Qualitative Analysis of Group I Cations
	Advance Study Assignment: Qualitative Analysis of Group I Cations
Experiment 37: Qualitative Analysis of Group II Cations
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Qualitative Analysis of Group II Cations
	Advance Study Assignment: Qualitative Analysis of Group II Cations
Experiment 38: Qualitative Analysis of Group III Cations
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Qualitative Analysis of Group III Cations
	Advance Study Assignment: Qualitative Analysis of Group III Cations
Experiment 39: Identification of a Pure Ionic Solid
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: Identification of a Pure Ionic Solid
	Advance Study Assignment: Identification of a Pure Ionic Solid
Experiment 40: The Ten Test Tube Mystery
	Experimental Procedure
	Observations and Analysis: The Ten Test Tube Mystery
	Advance Study Assignment: The Ten Test Tube Mystery
Experiment 41: Preparation of Aspirin
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Preparation of Aspirin
	Advance Study Assignment: Preparation of Aspirin
Experiment 42: Rate Studies on the Decomposition of Aspirin
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Rate Studies on the Decomposition of Aspirin
	Advance Study Assignment: The Rate of Decomposition of Aspirin
Experiment 43: Analysis for Vitamin C
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Analysis for Vitamin C
	Advance Study Assignment: Analysis for Vitamin C
Experiment 44: Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics
	Experimental Procedure
	Data and Calculations: Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics
	Advance Study Assignment: Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics
Appendix I: Vapor Pressure and Density of Liquid Water
Appendix II: Summary of Solubility Properties of Ions and Solids
Appendix IIA: Some Properties of the Cations in Groups I, II, and III
Appendix III: Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements (Scaled relative to Carbon-12 ≡ 12 g / mol)
Appendix IV: Making Measurements - Laboratory Techniques
Appendix V: Mathematical Considerations - Significant Figures and Making Graphs
Appendix VI: Suggested Locker Equipment
Appendix VII: Introduction to Excel
Appendix VIII: An Introduction to Google Sheets
Appendix IX: Statistical Treatment of Laboratory Data