Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, Third Edition

Table of Contents......Page 0
Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, Third Edition......Page 1
Dedication......Page 3
Disclaimer......Page 11
Foreword to the third edition......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 15
Contents......Page 4
1.1 Background and definitions......Page 16
1.2.1 Lignosulfonates......Page 20
1.2.2 Hydroxycarboxylic acids......Page 24
1.3 The effects of water-reducing admixtures on the water-cement system......Page 26
1.3.1 Rheological considerations......Page 27
1.3.2 Initial surface effects......Page 29
1.3.3 Effects on the products and kinetics of hydration......Page 37
1.3.4 Interpretation in terms of a mode of action......Page 44
1.5.1 Air entrainment......Page 45
1.5.2 Workability......Page 46
1.5.3 Workability loss......Page 49
1.5.4 Water reduction......Page 51
1.5.5 Setting characteristics of fresh concrete containing water-reducing admixtures......Page 55
1.5.6 The stability of fresh concrete containing waterreducing admixtures......Page 56
1.5.7 Mix design considerations......Page 58
1.6.1 Structural design parameters......Page 60
1.6.2 Durability aspects......Page 65
1.6.3 Durability guidelines......Page 87
References......Page 88
2.2 The chemistry of superplasticizers......Page 92
2.2.1 Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde......Page 93
2.2.2 Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde......Page 94
2.2.3 Polyacrylates......Page 95
2.3.1 Rheological effects......Page 96
2.3.2 Zeta potential......Page 97
2.3.3 Adsorption......Page 98
2.3.4 Effects on the products and kinetics of hydration......Page 99
2.3.5 Interpretation in terms of a mode of action......Page 103
2.4 Effects of superplasticizers on the properties of concrete......Page 104
2.5.1 Air entrainment......Page 105
2.5.2 Workability......Page 106
2.6 The effects of superplasticizers on the properties of hardened concrete......Page 108
2.6.1 Compressive strength......Page 109
2.6.2 Shrinkage and creep......Page 114
References......Page 116
3.1.1 Durability......Page 119
3.1.3 Density......Page 120
3.2.1 Neutralized wood resins......Page 121
3.2.4 Alkyl sulfates......Page 122
3.3 The effects of air-entraining agents on the water-cement system......Page 123
3.3.1 Rheology......Page 124
3.3.2 Air content and characteristics......Page 125
3.3.3 Distribution between solid and aqueous phases......Page 130
3.3.4 Effects on the hydration chemistry of cement......Page 131
3.3.5 Interpretation as a mechanism of action......Page 134
3.4.1 Volume of air entrained......Page 135
3.4.2 The stability of the entrained air......Page 143
3.4.4 Water reduction......Page 147
3.4.6 Mix design requirements......Page 148
3.5.1 Structural design parameters......Page 150
3.5.2 Durability aspects......Page 152
References......Page 162
4.1 Background and definitions......Page 164
4.2 The chemistry of concrete dampproofers......Page 165
4.2.1 Materials which react with cement hydration products......Page 166
4.2.3 Finely divided hydrophobic materials......Page 167
4.3.3 Effects on the capillary system of hardened paste......Page 168
4.4 The effects of dampproofers on the properties of plastic concrete......Page 171
4.5.1 Structural design parameters......Page 172
4.5.2 Durability aspects......Page 173
References......Page 175
5.1 Background and definitions......Page 177
5.2.2 Calcium formate......Page 178
5.3.2 Chemical effects......Page 179
5.3.3 Effects on cement hydration......Page 182
5.3.4 Mechanism of action......Page 191
5.4.1 Effect on heat evolution......Page 193
5.4.2 Effect on setting time......Page 195
5.5.1 Structural design parameters......Page 196
5.5.2 Durability aspects......Page 197
References......Page 212
6.1 Introduction......Page 214
6.2.1 Alkali-aggregate reaction......Page 215
6.2.2 Types of admixtures......Page 216
6.2.3 Mode of action......Page 221
6.2.4 Effects on the plastic and hardened proper ties of mortar and concrete......Page 222
6.3 Antifreeze admixtures......Page 223
6.3.1 Chemical composition and mode of action......Page 224
6.4.1 Categories......Page 227
6.4.2 Formulating non-dispersible underwater concrete......Page 229
6.4.3 Effects produced on plastic and hardened concrete......Page 230
6.4.4 Factors affecting the performance of antiwashout admixtures......Page 231
6.4.5 Mixing and storage......Page 232
6.5 Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures......Page 234
6.5.2 Types of corrosion inhibitors......Page 235
6.5.3 Research on other corrosion inhibitors......Page 241
6.6 Calcium-sulfoaluminate-based expanding admixtures......Page 242
6.6.2 Mode of action......Page 243
6.6.3 Mix proportioning, mixing and curing......Page 245
6.6.4 Factors influencing the reaction......Page 246
6.6.5. Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of mortar and concrete......Page 249
6.7 Polymer-based admixtures......Page 250
6.7.1 Categories......Page 251
6.7.2 Material parameters influencing performance......Page 253
6.7.3 Modification of the cementitious matrix......Page 254
6.7.4 Mix proportioning......Page 256
6.7.5 Mixing, placing and curing......Page 257
6.7.6 Properties of latex-modified mortar and concrete......Page 258
6.7.7 Applications......Page 263
6.8 Admixtures for recycling concrete waste......Page 264
6.9 Shotcrete admixtures......Page 267
6.9.1 Types of admixtures and mode of action......Page 270
6.9.2 Factors influencing the effects of the admixture......Page 275
6.9.3 Effects on the plastic and hardened properties of concrete and mortar......Page 276
6.9.4 Guidelines for use......Page 278
6.10 Shrinkage-reducing admixtures......Page 280
6.10.2 Effects on the hardened properties of concrete......Page 283
6.10.3 Factors affecting the performance of shrinkage-reducing admixtures......Page 284
References......Page 286
7.1 Introduction......Page 291
7.2 Air-entraining admixtures......Page 293
7.2.1 Control measures used to ensure proper air entrainment......Page 296
7.2.2 Methods of placing......Page 298
7.2.3 Air-entraining admixture/superplasticizer compatibility......Page 299
7.2.4 Composite air-entraining-water-reducing admixtures......Page 300
7.3. Normal-setting water-reducing admixtures......Page 303
7.3.1 Ready-mixed concrete......Page 304
7.3.2 High-strength/high-performance concrete......Page 307
7.3.4. Pumping......Page 312
7.3.5 ‘Watertight’ concrete......Page 314
7.4 Set-retarding and water-reducing admixtures......Page 315
7.4.1 Retarded concrete for large pours......Page 316
7.4.2 Slip-forming......Page 319
7.4.3. Marine structures......Page 324
7.4.4 Tilt-up construction......Page 326
7.5.1 Purpose and advantages resulting from the use of accelerators......Page 327
7.5.3 Accelerators for use in blended cement (fly ash or slag) mixtures......Page 328
7.6 Superplasticizers (high-range water reducers)......Page 329
7.6.1 Flowing concrete......Page 330
7.6.2 High-range water-reduced concrete......Page 340
7.6.3 High-performance concrete and mortar......Page 344
7.7 Viscosity-enhancing admixtures......Page 355
7.7.1 Grouting applications......Page 356
7.7.2 Underwater concrete......Page 360
7.7.3 Formulation of construction products......Page 363
7.8. Dampproofing admixtures......Page 364
7.9 Recycling of cementitious wastes......Page 365
7.10 Hot-weather concreting......Page 366
7.10.1 Relevance of ASTM standards......Page 372
7.10.2 Use of fly ash......Page 373
7.11 Cold-weather concreting......Page 374
7.11.1 Acceleration of hydration and depression of the freezing point of the mix water......Page 377
7.11.2 Reduction of freezabl/e water......Page 380
7.11.3 Case studies......Page 381
7.12 Economic aspects of admixture use......Page 382
7.12.1 Economies in mix proportioning......Page 383
7.12.2 Economies from improved durability......Page 384
7.12.3 Economies from improved placing characteristics and construction methods......Page 385
7.12.4 Precast concrete......Page 387
7.12.5 Economic benefits of cold-weather admixtures......Page 390
7.13 Guidelines for the use of admixtures......Page 392
7.13.1 Evaluation and selection......Page 393
7.13.3 Precautions in the use of admixtures......Page 395
7.13.4 Mix proportioning using computers......Page 397
7.13.6 Admixture problems—limitations and incompatibility......Page 398
7.14 Batching and dispensing of admixtures......Page 417
7.14.1 Manufacture......Page 418
7.14.2 Packaging and delivery......Page 419
7.14.3 Labels......Page 421
7.14.4 Storage......Page 422
7.14.5 Dispensing of admixtures......Page 424
7.14.6 Dispensing equipment......Page 427
7.14.7 Calibration and maintenance of batching systems......Page 436
7.14.8 Computer batching......Page 437
References......Page 439