Chatbots And The Domestication Of AI: A Relational Approach

Acknowledgments......Page 7
 Praise for Chatbots and the Domestication of AI......Page 9
 Contents......Page 11
1.1 Introduction......Page 15
1.1.1 Smart Fridges and Other Reifications......Page 16
1.1.2 What’s to Come?......Page 19
References......Page 20
2.1 Method and Orientation......Page 21
2.2 Concepts and Conceptual Analysis......Page 23
2.3 Description and Evaluation of Technologies......Page 24
2.4 Distinctions and Discovery in Philosophy of Technology......Page 27
2.5 Reaches and Limits of Philosophy......Page 29
2.6 Moral Philosophy, Morality, Ethics......Page 30
2.7 AI Ethics......Page 32
2.8 Conclusion......Page 33
References......Page 34
3.1 The Concept of the Social......Page 37
3.2 Toward a Digital Society......Page 39
3.2.1 Public Discourse......Page 40
3.2.2 Private Relationships......Page 41
3.2.3 Embodiment and the (Un)Importance of Physical Presence......Page 43
3.2.4 Are “Facebook-Friends” Friends?......Page 44
3.3 Assigning Social Descriptors......Page 45
3.4 From Social Descriptors to Social Relationships......Page 48
3.5 Agent-Network Theory, Attachment Theories......Page 51
3.6 Gender as Relational Descriptor......Page 53
3.7 Institutionalized Relationships and Relationships qua Humanity......Page 54
3.8 Domestication as a Social Technique......Page 55
3.9.1 Supernatural Relationships......Page 58
3.9.2 Para-social Relationships......Page 59
3.9.3 Relationships with Aliens......Page 60
3.10 Lessons for Imminent Changes or: The Rise of Human–Machine Relationships......Page 61
References......Page 63
4.1 Definitions......Page 66
4.1.1 An Additional Distinction......Page 68
4.1.2 Embodiment......Page 71
4.1.3 Some Terminological Notes......Page 73
4.2 A Short History of Chatbots......Page 74
4.3 Is ML–AI the Future of Artificial Conversational Agents?......Page 77
4.4 AI—General or Narrow?......Page 80
4.5 The Economics of NLP......Page 81
4.6 Turing Test and Its Human Limits......Page 83
4.7 Conclusion: Why Think About AI in the First Place?......Page 85
References......Page 86
5.1.1 The Appeals of Anthropomorphism......Page 89
5.1.2 The Fallacy of Anthropomorphism......Page 91
5.1.3 The Politics of Imitating Human Beings......Page 92
5.1.4.1 Deception......Page 94
5.1.4.3 Imbalance of Power......Page 95
5.1.4.4 Embarrassment and Other Forms of Harm......Page 97
5.1.4.5 Questions of Responsibility......Page 98
5.1.4.6 Ignorance......Page 99
5.1.4.7 Unalienable Rights......Page 100
5.1.5 Legal Consequences for Anthropomorphism......Page 101
5.1.7 Conclusion......Page 102
5.2 Philosophical Implications of (Non-)anthropomorphism......Page 103
5.2.2 The Limits of Relating to Natural Entities......Page 104
5.2.3 The Other and the Artificial—A Short Warning......Page 105
5.2.4 Uncanny Others—Phenomenological Notes......Page 106
5.2.5 The Artificial Other—An Instance of Objective Spirit-Conversations?......Page 108
5.2.5.1 Big Data and Objective Spirit......Page 109
5.2.5.2 Conceptual Consequences......Page 111
5.2.5.3 Artificial Conversational Agents as Subjectless Spirits......Page 112
5.3 Patiency and Pragmacentrism......Page 114
5.3.1 An Empirical Challenge to Moral Patiency......Page 117
5.4 Relating to the Artificial......Page 118
5.4.1.1 Mental States......Page 119
5.4.1.2 Gender......Page 123
5.4.1.3 Disembodied Sex Robots......Page 126
5.5.1 Taking Stock......Page 131
5.5.2 Another Social Expansion......Page 132
5.6 From Social Descriptors to Social Agents......Page 133
5.6.1 Some Counterarguments......Page 134
5.6.2 Social Agents......Page 135
5.6.3 More Concerns......Page 137
5.6.5 Case Study of Subtle Essentialism: Friendship and Friendship*......Page 138
5.7 A Second Domestication—Continued......Page 140
5.8 Conclusion......Page 141
References......Page 143
6.1 Robot Rights......Page 148
6.1.1 A 4-Way Matrix......Page 149
6.1.2 The Relational Turn......Page 153
6.1.3 The Return of Pragmacentrism......Page 156
6.2 Human-Centered Design......Page 159
6.2.1 Against Human-Centered Design?......Page 160
6.2.2 Robot Relations, Human Realities......Page 162
6.3 Including Non-human Agents in Normative Systems......Page 163
6.3.1 Relational Real Estate......Page 164
6.3.2 Legal and Digital Persons......Page 165
6.4 New Social Fault Lines......Page 166
6.4.1 Rogers’ Bell Curve and Its Limits......Page 168
6.4.2 On Robophobes and Robophiles......Page 170
6.4.3 One Battleground: Robot Rights......Page 172
6.4.4 A New Struggle for Recognition......Page 173
6.4.5 Limits of Recognition......Page 175
6.4.6 Some Ethical Deliberations......Page 177
6.5 Conclusion......Page 179
References......Page 181
7.1 Thinking Forward......Page 185
7.2 Acting Forward......Page 188
Reference......Page 189
Index......Page 190