Chandra X-ray Observatory: Exploring the High Energy Universe

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
		Chapter 4
		Chapter 6
		Chapter 7
		Chapter 8
		Chapter 9
		Chapter 10
		Chapter 11
		Reference
	Contributors biographies
		Harvey Tananbaum
		Martin Weisskopf
		Wallace Tucker
		Belinda Wilkes
		Raffaele D’Abrusco
		Rafael Martínez-Galarza
		Jeremy Drake
		Patrick Slane
		Michael Nowak
		Dominic Walton
		Giuseppina Fabbiano
		Aneta Siemiginowska
		Francesca Civano
		Paul Nulsen
		Brian McNamara
		Steven Allen
		Adam Mantz
CH000.pdf
	Outline placeholder
		The Early Years (1976–1981)
		Technology Development, Mission Studies, Selection of Science Instruments and Prime Contractor (1981–1989)
		Politics, a Breakthrough Accomplishment, and a New Mission Configuration (1983–1992)
		Building and Preparing to Launch AXAF (1990–1999)
		Launch and First Light (July–August 1999)
		References
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		1.1 Exploring the High-energy Universe
		1.2 The Chandra X-ray Observatory
		1.3 Mechanisms for the Production and Absorption of X-Rays in a Cosmic Setting
		1.4 Stars, Planets, and Solar System Objects
		1.5 Supernovae and Their Remnants
		1.6 X-Ray Binaries
		1.7 X-Rays from Galaxies
		1.8 Supermassive Black Holes and Active Galactic Nuclei
		1.9 Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
		1.10 Galaxy Cluster Cosmology
		1.11 Future Missions
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Chandra11http://cxc.harvard.edu X-ray Observatory Overview
		2.1 Description of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory “(Chandra)”
			2.1.1 Launch and Orbit
			2.1.2 The Spacecraft
			2.1.3 High Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA)
			2.1.4 The Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer, ACIS
			2.1.5 The High Resolution Camera, HRC
			2.1.6 Transmission Gratings: HETG, LETG
			2.1.7 Anticipated Lifetime
		2.2 Chandra Operations
			2.2.1 The Chandra X-Ray Center (CXC)
			2.2.2 Operations Control Center (OCC)
			2.2.3 The Chandra Task Thread
			2.2.4 The Observing Program
			2.2.5 Standard Data Processing (SDP)
			2.2.6 Data Analysis Software (CIAO)
		2.3 Archives and Science
			2.3.1 The Chandra Data Archive
			2.3.2 The Chandra Bibliography
			2.3.3 Access to Chandra Data
			2.3.4 The Legacy of the CDA
		2.4 The Chandra Source Catalog
			2.4.1 A Catalog with Value to All Astronomers
			2.4.2 Description of the Catalog
			2.4.3 Enabling Science with the Chandra Source Catalog
		2.5 Chandra’s Impact on Astronomy
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Mechanisms for the Production and Absorption of Cosmic X-Rays
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Classical Radiation Processes
			3.2.1 Electromagnetic Waves
			3.2.2 Classical Dipole Radiation
			3.2.3 Radiation from a Relativistic Charged Particle
		3.3 Cyclotron and Synchrotron Radiation
			3.3.1 Cyclotron Radiation
			3.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation
		3.4 Brief Introduction to Quantum Radiation Processes
			3.4.1 Energy and Momentum of a Photon
			3.4.2 Blackbody Radiation
			3.4.3 The Schrödinger Equation and Fermi’s Golden Rule
			3.4.4 Absorption and Emission Probabilities
			3.4.5 Quantum-mechanical Dipole Approximation
		3.5 Scattering of Radiation by Free Electrons
			3.5.1 Kinematics of Compton Scattering
			3.5.2 Thomson Scattering
			3.5.3 Radiation Pressure and the Eddington Limit
			3.5.4 Compton Energy Exchange in a Hot Plasma
			3.5.5 Compton Scattering by Relativistic Electrons
		3.6 Bremsstrahlung
		3.7 Radiative Recombination
		3.8 X-Ray Line Emission
			3.8.1 Timescales and Assumptions
			3.8.2 Line Emission Following Collisional Excitation
			3.8.3 Ionization Equilibrium and Spectrum of a Hot Plasma
			3.8.4 Line Broadening
			3.8.5 Charge Exchange
		3.9 Photoionization and X-Ray Absorption
			3.9.1 Photoionization
			3.9.2 Photoionization Equilibrium
			3.9.3 Absorption Lines
			3.9.4 K-fluorescence Lines
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 X-Rays from Stars and Planetary Systems
		4.1 X-Rays from Solar System Bodies
			4.1.1 X-Ray Emission Mechanisms in Solar System Bodies
			4.1.2 Terrestrial Planets
			4.1.3 The Gas Giants
			4.1.4 Minor Planets and Comets
		4.2 X-Rays from Low-mass Stars
			4.2.1 Properties of Stellar Coronal Emission
			4.2.2 The Rotation-powered Magnetic Dynamo
			4.2.3 Inference of Coronal Structure from Density Diagnostics
			4.2.4 Magnetic Reconnection Flares
			4.2.5 Stellar Coronal Chemical Compositions
			4.2.6 The End of the Main Sequence and Beyond
			4.2.7 Young Stars, Protostars, Disks, and Jets
		4.3 X-Ray Studies of Exoplanet Systems
			4.3.1 X-Ray Induced Atmospheric Loss
			4.3.2 Star–Planet Interaction?
			4.3.3 X-Rays as Probes of Exoplanet Atmospheres
		4.4 X-Rays from High-mass Stars
			4.4.1 Universality of the LX–Lbol Relation
			4.4.2 Colliding Winds
			4.4.3 The Role of Magnetism
			4.4.4 The Weak Winds Problem
			4.4.5 The Mysterious X-Rays from Cepheid Variables
		4.5 Intermediate-mass Stars
		4.6 White Dwarfs and White Dwarf Binary Systems
			4.6.1 White Dwarf Birth in Planetary Nebulae
			4.6.2 Photospheric Emission
			4.6.3 Cataclysmic Variables and Nova Explosions
		4.7 Epilogue
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Supernovae and Their Remnants
		5.1 Supernovae
			5.1.1 Supernova Types
			5.1.2 Progenitors and Circumstellar Environments
			5.1.3 Supernova 1987A
		5.2 Supernova Remnants
			5.2.1 Properties of SNR Shocks
			5.2.2 SNR Structure
			5.2.3 SNR Ejecta and Constraints on Progenitors
			5.2.4 Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in SNRs
		5.3 Pulsar Wind Nebulae
			5.3.1 Pulsars
			5.3.2 Pulsar Wind Structure
			5.3.3 PWN Evolution
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 X-Ray Binaries
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 X-Ray Binaries at the Extremes of Flux
		6.2 X-Ray Binaries in Quiescence
			6.2.1 Black Hole Candidates versus Neutron Stars
			6.2.2 Jet and Advection-dominated States of Black Hole Candidates
			6.2.3 Quiescent and Cooling Neutron Stars
			6.2.4 Transitional Neutron Star Systems
		6.3 X-Ray Binaries in Action
			6.3.1 Probes of the Inner, Relativistic Accretion Flow
			6.3.2 Outer Disk Structure
			6.3.3 Wind Structure, Driving Mechanisms, and Transitions to Jet-dominated States
		6.4 Circumbinary and Interstellar Medium
			6.4.1 Probes of Stellar Wind Structure
			6.4.2 Interstellar Medium
			6.4.3 Dust-scattering Halos
		6.5 Extreme Physics Systems
			6.5.1 Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources
			6.5.2 Multimessenger Systems—GW 170817
		6.6 Summary
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 X-Rays from Galaxies
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 X-Ray Binary Populations
			7.2.1 The XRB X-Ray Luminosity Functions and Scaling Laws in the Near Universe
			7.2.2 The Redshift Evolution of the XRB Emission
			7.2.3 The Spatial Distributions of the XRBs
		7.3 Hot ISM and Halos
			7.3.1 The Hot ISM of Star-forming Galaxies and Mergers
			7.3.2 The Hot ISM of Early-type (Elliptical and S0) Galaxies
			7.3.3 Scaling Relations of ETGs
			7.3.4 Constraints on the Binding Mass of ETGs
			7.3.5 Metal Abundances of the Hot Halos of ETGs
			7.3.6 ETGs at Higher Redshift
		7.4 Nuclear BHs and AGNs
			7.4.1 Hidden AGNs in Normal Galaxies
			7.4.2 AGNs in Merging Galaxies
		7.5 AGN–Galaxy Interaction in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
			7.5.1 Methods
			7.5.2 The Soft (E < 2.5 keV) X-Ray Emission of AGN Photoionization Cones and Soft X-Ray Constraints on AGN Feedback
			7.5.3 A Chandra Surprise: The Extended Hard and Fe Kα Emission of AGNs
			7.5.4 Imaging the Obscuring Torus
			7.5.5 Is the Torus Porous?
		7.6 Looking Forward
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Supermassive Black Holes (Active Galactic Nuclei)
		8.1 Observing SMBHs
		8.2 Accretion Flow onto SMBH
			8.2.1 Modes of Accretion
			8.2.2 Bondi Radius and Inflow Rates
			8.2.3 SMBH in the Galactic Center
			8.2.4 Quasars and the Eddington limit
		8.3 SMBH Formation and Growth
		8.4 AGN Structure
			8.4.1 Variability and X-Ray Reverberation
			8.4.2 Microlensing
			8.4.3 Imaging of the Torus and X-Ray-scattering Region
			8.4.4 Resolving Layers of Ionized Gas with High-resolution X-Ray Spectra
		8.5 Jets and Extended Radio Structures
			8.5.1 Resolving X-Ray Jets—Knots and Hotspots
			8.5.2 Jet X-Ray Radiation Processes
			8.5.3 Variability and Proper Motions of Resolved X-Ray Jets
			8.5.4 The Impact of Jets on the ISM
		8.6 Finding Supermassive Black Holes in X-Ray Surveys
			8.6.1 X-Ray Surveys Overview
			8.6.2 Populations Studies: The Discoveries in X-Ray Surveys
			8.6.3 SMBH and Host Galaxy Coevolution
			8.6.4 X-Ray Luminosity Function
			8.6.5 Probing Lower-luminosity Populations with Stacking Analysis
			8.6.6 The High-rdshift Universe as Seen in Surveys
			8.6.7 Resolving the Cosmic X-Ray Background
		8.7 Final Remarks
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 Groups and Clusters of Galaxies
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Basic Properties of Clusters and the ICM
		9.3 AGN Feedback in Groups and Clusters
			9.3.1 The Need for Feedback
			9.3.2 The Case for Feedback
			9.3.3 Cavity Calorimetry
			9.3.4 AGN Shocks
			9.3.5 Feeding the AGN
			9.3.6 AGN Heating
			9.3.7 Growth of Cool Cores
			9.3.8 Synopsis
		9.4 Atmospheric Dynamics
			9.4.1 Merger Cold Fronts
			9.4.2 Sloshing Cold Fronts
			9.4.3 Merger Shocks
			9.4.4 Turbulence in the ICM
			9.4.5 Large-scale Abundance Distribution
			9.4.6 Galaxy Stripping
		9.5 The Future
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 Galaxy Cluster Cosmology
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Cosmology with the fgas Test
		10.3 Cosmology with Cluster Number Counts
		10.4 Dark Matter
			10.4.1 Constraints on Dark Matter from Merging Clusters
			10.4.2 Constraints on Dark Matter from Dynamically Relaxed Clusters
			10.4.3 Constraints on Dark Matter from X-Ray Spectral-line Searches
		10.5 Measurements of the Hubble Constant
		10.6 Other Fundamental Physics
			10.6.1 Gravity
			10.6.2 Neutrinos
			10.6.3 Inflation
		10.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
		References
CH011.pdf
	Chapter 11 Future X-Ray Missions
		11.1 Approved Missions
			11.1.1 Spektr-RG/SRG
			11.1.2 The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission
			11.1.3 The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer
			11.1.4 The Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (Athena)
		11.2 Possible Future US-based X-Ray Missions
			11.2.1 The Lynx X-Ray Observatory
			11.2.2 Arcus
			11.2.3 Advanced X-Ray Imaging Satellite
			11.2.4 The High-Energy X-Ray Probe
			11.2.5 The Spectroscopic Time-Resolving Observatory for Broadband Energy X-Rays
		References