Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution

Challenges to peacebuilding......Page 0
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
List of acronyms......Page 10
Introduction. Obstacles to peace processes: Understanding spoiling......Page 14
The phenomenon of spoiling and its implications for peace processes......Page 16
Starting propositions......Page 17
Key research questions......Page 19
Outline of the volume......Page 22
Conclusions......Page 28
Notes......Page 32
Part I: Spoiling, violence, and mediation......Page 34
Introduction......Page 36
Favourable conditions for spoiling: ‘‘New’’ intractable conflict and the problem of negotiation......Page 37
Negotiating in good faith? Credibility and potential spoiling......Page 40
External spoiling and the effects on the negotiation process......Page 45
Conclusion......Page 48
Notes......Page 49
2 Understanding the violence of insiders: Loyalty, custodians of peace, and the sustainability of conflict settlement......Page 53
Insiders in peace processes......Page 54
Loyalty and conflict termination......Page 55
Three understandings of peace implementation......Page 57
Peace implementation as compliance: The limits of coaxing......Page 58
Peace implementation as process: The problem of exit......Page 59
Insider loyalty in peace processes......Page 60
Process-based loyalty and insider violence......Page 61
The politics of peace implementation......Page 64
The pressures of ‘‘early exit’’: Privileging compliance and process over peacebuilding......Page 65
The pressures of ‘‘early exit’’: The dangers of coercive implementation......Page 66
Conclusion......Page 67
Notes......Page 68
3 The linkage between devious objectives and spoiling behaviour in peace processes......Page 72
Devious objectives and peace processes......Page 74
Devious objectives and the third party......Page 77
Reasons for the emergence of devious objectives......Page 79
Linking devious objectives and spoiling......Page 84
Conclusion......Page 87
Notes......Page 88
4 Terrorism as a tactic of spoilers in peace processes......Page 91
The role of violence in peace processes......Page 94
Terrorism and its functions during and after conflict......Page 96
‘‘Spoilers that matter’’: Countering terrorist activities by major parties to the conflict......Page 103
Countering terrorist activities by splinter groups: Marginalization and isolation......Page 107
In lieu of conclusion: Anti-terrorism and peacemaking......Page 109
Notes......Page 115
5 Spoilers or catalysts? The role of diasporas in peace processes......Page 118
Peace ‘‘spoiler’’......Page 119
Diaspora involvement......Page 121
What motivates diasporic involvement in conflict/peace processes?......Page 122
Issues of identity......Page 123
Vision with respect to the conflict and compromise: Who speaks for the people?......Page 124
Organizational or bureaucratic interests......Page 127
Economic interests in the homeland......Page 130
Determinants of a diaspora’s capacity to influence conflict/peace......Page 131
Means used by diasporas to influence conflict/peace......Page 135
The diaspora-conflict link......Page 138
Some tentative conclusions......Page 140
Notes......Page 142
6 ‘‘New wars’’ and spoilers......Page 147
The ‘‘new wars’’ debate......Page 148
‘‘New wars’’ and spoiling......Page 153
Sierra Leone......Page 154
Angola......Page 155
Bosnia......Page 156
Democratic Republic of the Congo......Page 158
Conclusion......Page 159
Notes......Page 160
Part II: Cases......Page 164
7 Northern Ireland: A peace process thwarted by accidental spoiling......Page 166
The conflict and the peace process......Page 167
Narrow and broad interpretations of spoiling......Page 171
Spoilers in Northern Ireland: The narrow view......Page 172
Spoilers in Northern Ireland: The broader view......Page 177
Discussion and conclusion......Page 180
Spoiling can be violent and non-violent......Page 181
Attention given to violent veto holders can have a negative impact on the quality of any peace resulting from a peace process......Page 182
Absolutism makes for a poor peace......Page 183
Notes......Page 184
8 Why do peace processes collapse? The Basque conflict and the three-spoilers perspective......Page 186
Etiologies......Page 187
The historical sources of violence......Page 188
Static images of the enemy and the culture of radical violence......Page 191
Marginalization and radicalization: The production of vocational spoilers......Page 192
Setting up the basis for peace (1980-2001): From the autonomy statute to the cease-fire......Page 193
The end of the cease-fire......Page 195
Factors in the cease-fire: International models versus domestic pressures......Page 196
Secret negotiations: Who opposes peaceful settlement?......Page 198
9/11 and the neo-conservative authoritarian turn......Page 200
Other external sources......Page 205
Conclusion......Page 206
Notes......Page 209
9 Peace on whose terms? War veterans’ associations in Bosnia and Herzegovina......Page 213
Political goals......Page 214
Economic goals......Page 215
Evolution of Bosnian Croat self-rule project......Page 216
Peace settlement......Page 217
Origins and profile......Page 221
The official agenda, the hidden agenda, and the motives for spoiling......Page 222
Property law implementation......Page 224
Prosecution of war crimes......Page 226
Institution-building......Page 227
Conclusion: The HVIDRA’s changing rhetoric and strategy......Page 228
Notes......Page 230
10 Spoilers in Colombia: Actors and strategies......Page 232
The Colombian conflict......Page 233
Explaining the expansion of insurgency......Page 235
Belisario Betancur’s peace process......Page 236
The role of spoilers......Page 237
Virgilio Barco and Cesar Gaviria’s peace process......Page 238
The role of spoilers......Page 240
Andrés Pastrana’s peace process......Page 241
The role of spoilers......Page 243
Concluding remarks......Page 249
Notes......Page 251
11 The Israeli-Palestinian peace process: The strategic art of deception......Page 255
Competing cultural narratives of the other......Page 259
The Israeli perspective......Page 260
The Palestinian perspective......Page 263
Spoiling the process itself: The Oslo peace process and beyond......Page 265
Conclusion......Page 271
Notes......Page 272
12 Spoiling peace in Cyprus......Page 275
The needs of the principal parties and the spoiling positions of their leaderships......Page 277
The Greek Cypriot community and Greece......Page 278
The Turkish Cypriot community and Turkey......Page 281
Spoiling and politics......Page 283
The domestic legitimization of spoiling positions......Page 285
Using and responding to the international environment......Page 287
International responses to spoiling in Cyprus......Page 290
Notes......Page 293
13 The Abkhazia and South Ossetia cases: Spoilers in a nearly collapsed peace process......Page 295
Actors and parties involved in the conflict’s development and in mediation......Page 296
Spoilers in the South Caucasus conflict resolution process......Page 299
The declared Russian position......Page 300
Post-conflict development as perceived by sides in the Georgian-Abkhaz dispute......Page 301
Negative ideal scenario from the Georgian perspective......Page 302
Negative rational scenario from the Georgian perspective......Page 303
Negative ideal scenario from the Abkhazian perspective......Page 304
Realistic outcomes......Page 305
The Russians......Page 306
Discussion......Page 307
Defreezing as spoiling? The case of South Ossetia intervention......Page 309
Conclusions......Page 311
Notes......Page 312
14 Spoilers and devious objectives in Kashmir......Page 314
Background......Page 315
Spoilers in Kashmir......Page 319
Spoilers: Indian......Page 320
Spoilers: Pakistani......Page 323
Conclusion......Page 328
Notes......Page 329
Index......Page 333